Influência de exercícios de relaxamento na prevenção da fadiga neuromuscular do extensor comum dos dedos e primeiro interósseo em utilizadores de computadores

Dissertação de mestrado em Biocinética do Desenvolvimento, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Fisica da Universidade de CoimbraIntrodução: Uma das consequências da automatização e da sociedade de informação tem sido a alteração das profissões. Actualmente, 75% dos postos de trabalho envolvem a utilização com maior ou menor frequência de computadores. No entanto os problemas relacionados com a segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores não reduziram, ao contrário, têm aumentado. Um desvio na postura do punho no plano de flexão / extensão pode ser um factor de risco para as desordens musculo-esqueléticas que afectam a mão e o punho. A existência de tarefas repetitivas e as pressões devidas a requisitos organizacionais, podem também ser responsáveis por stress no trabalho, lesões no sistema músculo-esquelético e diminuição da produtividade. A implementação de exercícios de alongamento durante as pausas de trabalho é de extrema importância devido aos vários benefícios que trazem para o nosso organismo, nomeadamente no aumento e na manutenção da elasticidade e flexibilidade dos músculos. Esta elasticidade e flexibilidade não só permitem que os músculos funcionem melhor como também lhes confere alguma protecção e resistência contra lesões. Objectivos: O objectivo deste estudo é verificar se exercícios de relaxamento dos músculos do punho e dedos durante as pausas no trabalho, promovem a diminuição da fadiga muscular do extensor comum dos dedos e do primeiro interósseo. Metodologia: A amostra é constituída por 12 indivíduos, 6 do sexo masculina e 6 do sexo feminino. Os indivíduos fazem parte integrante da população activa deste país e as idades estão compreendidas entre os 22 e os 49 anos. Possuem trabalhos sedentários tendo o computador como a sua principal ferramenta. Dividiu-se a amostra em dois grupos aleatoriamente, em que um realizou os exercícios no fim da primeira hora e o outro grupo realizou os exercícios no fim da segunda hora. Foi recolhido o sinal electromiográfico dos músculos extensores do punho e primeiro interósseo e analisados os valores de Root Mean Square (RMS) relativamente ao Pico Máximo da Actividade (PMA) e da Mean Power Frequency (MPF) dos 0-5 minutos, dos 20-25 minutos e dos 40-45 min das três horas da realização da tarefa. Resultados: Os resultados apenas foram significativos para os valores do RMS nos 5min da segunda hora comparativamente com os da terceira hora do músculo primeiro interósseo. Conclusões: A realização dos exercícios de relaxamento, durante a pausa não influenciou significativamente a tarefa. Mas os exercícios de relaxamento, são úteis durante as pausas no trabalho com computadores, porque aumentam a velocidade de condução nervosa dos músculos primeiro interósseo e extensores do punho.Introduction: One of the consequences of the automatization and the society of information has been the alteration of the professions. Currently, 75% of the work ranks involve the use with more or less frequency of computers. However the problems related with the security and health of the workers had not reduced,in contradition, have increased. A shunting line in the position of the Wrist in the flexion/extension plan can be a factor of risk for the muscle-esqueletics disorders that affect the hand and the wrist. The existence of repetitive tasks and the pressures due the organizational requirements, can also be responsible for stress in the work, injuries in the muscle-esqueletics system and reduction of the productivity. The implementation of allonge exercises during the pauses of work is of extreme importance due to the some benefits that bring for our organism, nominated in the increase and the maintenance of the elasticity and flexibility of the muscles. This elasticity and flexibility not only allow that the muscles function as well as confer them better some protection and resistance against injuries. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify if exercises of relaxation of the muscles of the wrist and fingers during the pauses in the work, promote the reduction of the muscular fatigue of the common extensor of the fingers and the first interosseous. Methodology: The sample is constituted by 12 individuals, 6 of masculine sex and 6 of the feminine sex. The individuals are integrant part of the active population of this country and the ages are understood between the 22 and 49 years. They have sedentary works and having the computer as its main tool. It was divided randomly sample in two groups, one group carried through the exercises in the end of the first hour and the other group carried through the exercises in the end of the second hour. The electromyographic signal of the muscles extensores of the fist and first interósseo was collected and analyzed the values of Root Mean Square (RMS) relatively to Peak Maximum of Activity (PMA) and Mean Power Frequency (MPF) of the 0-5 minutes, the 20-25 minutes and the 40-45 min of the three hours during the task. Results: The results had only been significant for the values of the RMS in 5min of second hour comparatively with the ones of the third hour of the first interosseous muscle. Conclusions: The accomplishment of the relaxation exercises, during the pause did not influence the task significantly. But the relaxation exercises are useful during the pauses in the work with computers, because they increase the velocity of nervous conduction of the first interosseous muscles and extensores of the wrist

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Influência de exercícios de relaxamento na prevenção da fadiga neuromuscular do extensor comum dos dedos e primeiro interósseo em utilizadores de computadores

Dissertação de mestrado em Biocinética do Desenvolvimento, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Fisica da Universidade de CoimbraIntrodução: Uma das consequências da automatização e da sociedade de informação tem sido a alteração das profissões. Actualmente, 75% dos postos de trabalho envolvem a utilização com maior ou menor frequência de computadores. No entanto os problemas relacionados com a segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores não reduziram, ao contrário, têm aumentado. Um desvio na postura do punho no plano de flexão / extensão pode ser um factor de risco para as desordens musculo-esqueléticas que afectam a mão e o punho. A existência de tarefas repetitivas e as pressões devidas a requisitos organizacionais, podem também ser responsáveis por stress no trabalho, lesões no sistema músculo-esquelético e diminuição da produtividade. A implementação de exercícios de alongamento durante as pausas de trabalho é de extrema importância devido aos vários benefícios que trazem para o nosso organismo, nomeadamente no aumento e na manutenção da elasticidade e flexibilidade dos músculos. Esta elasticidade e flexibilidade não só permitem que os músculos funcionem melhor como também lhes confere alguma protecção e resistência contra lesões. Objectivos: O objectivo deste estudo é verificar se exercícios de relaxamento dos músculos do punho e dedos durante as pausas no trabalho, promovem a diminuição da fadiga muscular do extensor comum dos dedos e do primeiro interósseo. Metodologia: A amostra é constituída por 12 indivíduos, 6 do sexo masculina e 6 do sexo feminino. Os indivíduos fazem parte integrante da população activa deste país e as idades estão compreendidas entre os 22 e os 49 anos. Possuem trabalhos sedentários tendo o computador como a sua principal ferramenta. Dividiu-se a amostra em dois grupos aleatoriamente, em que um realizou os exercícios no fim da primeira hora e o outro grupo realizou os exercícios no fim da segunda hora. Foi recolhido o sinal electromiográfico dos músculos extensores do punho e primeiro interósseo e analisados os valores de Root Mean Square (RMS) relativamente ao Pico Máximo da Actividade (PMA) e da Mean Power Frequency (MPF) dos 0-5 minutos, dos 20-25 minutos e dos 40-45 min das três horas da realização da tarefa. Resultados: Os resultados apenas foram significativos para os valores do RMS nos 5min da segunda hora comparativamente com os da terceira hora do músculo primeiro interósseo. Conclusões: A realização dos exercícios de relaxamento, durante a pausa não influenciou significativamente a tarefa. Mas os exercícios de relaxamento, são úteis durante as pausas no trabalho com computadores, porque aumentam a velocidade de condução nervosa dos músculos primeiro interósseo e extensores do punho.Introduction: One of the consequences of the automatization and the society of information has been the alteration of the professions. Currently, 75% of the work ranks involve the use with more or less frequency of computers. However the problems related with the security and health of the workers had not reduced,in contradition, have increased. A shunting line in the position of the Wrist in the flexion/extension plan can be a factor of risk for the muscle-esqueletics disorders that affect the hand and the wrist. The existence of repetitive tasks and the pressures due the organizational requirements, can also be responsible for stress in the work, injuries in the muscle-esqueletics system and reduction of the productivity. The implementation of allonge exercises during the pauses of work is of extreme importance due to the some benefits that bring for our organism, nominated in the increase and the maintenance of the elasticity and flexibility of the muscles. This elasticity and flexibility not only allow that the muscles function as well as confer them better some protection and resistance against injuries. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify if exercises of relaxation of the muscles of the wrist and fingers during the pauses in the work, promote the reduction of the muscular fatigue of the common extensor of the fingers and the first interosseous. Methodology: The sample is constituted by 12 individuals, 6 of masculine sex and 6 of the feminine sex. The individuals are integrant part of the active population of this country and the ages are understood between the 22 and 49 years. They have sedentary works and having the computer as its main tool. It was divided randomly sample in two groups, one group carried through the exercises in the end of the first hour and the other group carried through the exercises in the end of the second hour. The electromyographic signal of the muscles extensores of the fist and first interósseo was collected and analyzed the values of Root Mean Square (RMS) relatively to Peak Maximum of Activity (PMA) and Mean Power Frequency (MPF) of the 0-5 minutes, the 20-25 minutes and the 40-45 min of the three hours during the task. Results: The results had only been significant for the values of the RMS in 5min of second hour comparatively with the ones of the third hour of the first interosseous muscle. Conclusions: The accomplishment of the relaxation exercises, during the pause did not influence the task significantly. But the relaxation exercises are useful during the pauses in the work with computers, because they increase the velocity of nervous conduction of the first interosseous muscles and extensores of the wrist

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved