Moving up the income ladder? What are the obstacles: a case study of indigenous people in Latin America

Latin America is traditionally the region with the highest income and wealth inequality and the indigenous people are the most socially excluded group of the society. The obstacles they face on their way to becoming middle class are numerous. Markets sometimes operate in an anti-poor way, e.g. capital market imperfections. Next, many Latin American countries are agrarian societies with high land inequality. Also, indigenous people continue to have lower health and education indicators. Possible solutions should include state intervention in providing easier access to credit for the indigenous, land reform, health and education systems that are more universal and better targeting of social transfers.indigenous people, poverty, Latin America.

La caducidad de la hipoteca y la reinscripción en los Registros Públicos de Lima, 2019

La presente tesis es para obtener el título profesional de abogado que lleva por título “La Caducidad de la Hipoteca y la Reinscripción en los Registros Públicos de Lima, 2019”, la misma que tuvo como su objetivo general “Determinar cómo se relaciona la caducidad de la hipoteca con la reinscripción en los Registros Públicos de Lima, 2019”. En cuanto a la metodología de investigación científica aplico un tipo de estudio de enfoque cualitativo, de fin básica y nivel descriptivo. En cuanto al diseño que se aplico fue el diseño de la teoría fundamentada. Tuvo como participantes a 10 personas entre ellas Registradores Públicos, Notarios, y abogados especialistas en la materia. En cuanto a los instrumentos de recolección de información se aplicó las guías de entrevista y las fichas de análisis de fuentes documentales. El procedimiento para la realización de la investigación se realizó en dos etapas, la revisión de la literatura y por otro lado la aplicación de la metodología de investigación científica. Por otra parte, como resultados de la investigación se llegó a determinar que la caducidad de la hipoteca extingue como tal el derecho real, sin embargo, esta puede ser reinscrita siguiendo una serie de condiciones estipuladas por el Tribunal Registral. En cuanto a la discusión del estudio, se llegó a determinar que para ciertos participantes tanto la caducidad de la hipoteca como su reinscripción registral genera un círculo vicioso y afecto el desarrollo del tráfico fluido inmobiliario. Finalmente, se llegó a la conclusión que tanto la caducidad de la hipoteca como la reinscripción de la misma deben estar regulados por nuestro Código Civil para que tanto los acreedores como deudores tengan seguridad jurídica

The Discipline of Dress: Uniform Buttons and Accoutrements of the Native Mounted Police in Queensland, Australia

Clothing is capable of providing a range of insights into aspects of identity, authority, power, and hierarchy. Here we present the results of an analysis of an assemblage of uniform buttons and accoutrements from seven 19th-century Native Mounted Police (NMP) camps in Queensland, Australia. As part of wider colonial structures of discipline and expropriation, the NMP uniform was a powerful symbol of control: over troopers’ bodies, over NMP detachments by officers, and over “wild” and “savage” Indigenous peoples by the NMP. Exploring the history and development of the NMP uniform, its intent in constructing officers and particularly troopers, the indexical qualities it acquired as a symbol of violence and fear amongst Indigenous people, and some of the alternative ways in which uniforms could be worn provides a variety of insights into the role, nature, and experience of the Queensland NMP. La ropa es puede proporcionar una variedad de conocimientos sobre aspectos de identidad, autoridad, poder y jerarquía. Aquí presentamos los resultados de un análisis de un conjunto de pertrechos y botones de uniformes de siete campamentos de la Policía Montada Nativa (NMP, por sus siglas en inglés) del siglo XIX en Queensland, Australia. Como parte de estructuras coloniales más amplias de disciplina y expropiación, el uniforme de la NMP era un poderoso símbolo de control: sobre los cuerpos de los soldados, sobre los destacamentos de la NMP por parte de los ofciales y sobre los pueblos indígenas “salvajes” y “descontrolados” por parte de la NMP. Explorar la historia y el desarrollo del uniforme de la NMP, su intención de construir ofciales y, en particular, soldados, las cualidades indexadas que adquirió como símbolo de violencia y miedo entre los pueblos indígenas, y algunas de las formas alternativas en que se pueden usar los uniformes, proporciona una variedad de ideas sobre el papel, la naturaleza y la experiencia de la NMP de Queensland. Les vêtements ont le potentiel d’apporter une variété d’éclairages sur les aspects liés à l’identité, l’autorité, le pouvoir et la hiérarchie. Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une analyse d’un assemblage de boutons d’uniforme et d’habits provenant de sept camps de la Police montée (Native Mounted Police—NMP) du 19ème siècle dans le Queensland en Australie. S’inscrivant dans les structures coloniales plus vastes de la discipline et de l’expropriation, l’uniforme NMP était un symbole puissant de contrôle, à savoir sur les corps de ses membres, sur les détachements NMP par les ofciers et enfn sur les peuples indigènes «sans retenue » et « sauvages » par le NMP. L’étude de l’histoire et du développement de l’uniforme NMP, de son intention quant à la construction d’ofciers et particulièrement de membres de la police montée, des qualités indexicales dont il a été investi en tant que symbole de violence et de peur parmi les peuples indigènes, de même que certaines des manières alternatives dont ces uniformes pouvaient être portés, fournit une variété d’éclairages sur le rôle, la nature et l’expérience de la NMP du Queensland

Thermal expansion of troilite and pyrrhotite determined by in situ cooling (873 to 373 K) neutron powder diffraction measurements

The thermal expansion coefficients for natural troilite, FeS, Ni-rich pyrrhotite, Fe0.84Ni0.11S, and Ni-poor pyrrhotite, Fe0.87Ni0.02S, were measured during cooling by in situ neutron powder diffraction over the temperature range 873–373 K. Between 873 and 573 K, the mean thermal expansion coefficients for the three compositions are 7.4(3) × 10-5 {FeS}, 8.0(4) × 10-5 {Fe0.84Ni0.11S} and 8.5(4) × 10-5 K–1 {Fe0.87Ni0.02S}. Below 573 down to 373 K, the first two increase considerably to 14.1(7) × 10-5 {FeS} and 9.3(5) × 10-5 {Fe0.84Ni0.11S} while the latter sample shows no significant variation, 8.4(5) × 10-5 K-1. Below 573 K, the thermal expansion is highly anisotropic, with Deltaa/100 K-1 ranging from 0.89(9)% {FeS} to 0.48(12)% {Fe0.87Ni0.02S} while Deltac/100 K-1 ranges from -0.39(11)% {FeS} to -0.13(2)% {Fe0.87Ni0.02S}. Upon cooling through 573 K, troilite and pyrrhotite undergo a transition where the FeS6 octahedra distort and in the case of pyrrhotite, cation-vacancy clustering occurs. The thermal expansion coefficients are bigger for low cation-vacancy concentrations and decrease as the pyrrhotites become less stoichiometric. This indicates that the thermal expansion in these minerals is damped by vacancy ordering or clustering. The thermal expansion coefficients for troilite and pyrrhotite are amongst the largest reported for sulphide minerals and their role in the formation of ore textures is discussed briefly

Synthesis, Spectral and Antibacterial Studies of Copper(II) Tetraaza Macrocyclic Complexes

A novel family of tetraaza macrocyclic Cu(II) complexes [CuLX2] (where L = N4 donor macrocyclic ligands) and (X = Cl−, NO3 −) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic moments, IR, EPR, mass, electronic spectra and thermal studies. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral studies suggest square planar geometry for [Cu(DBACDT)]Cl2 and [Cu(DBACDT)](NO3)2 complexes and distorted octahedral geometry to the rest of the ten complexes. The biological activity of all these complexes against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was compared with the activity of existing commercial antibacterial compounds like Linezolid and Cefaclor. Six complexes out of twelve were found to be most potent against both gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of thio group in the coordinated ligands

Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and their modes of interaction with DNA : is there a correlation between these interactions and the antitumor activity of the compounds?

Various interaction modes between a group of six ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and DNA have been studied using a number of spectroscopic techniques. Five mononuclear species were selected with formula [Ru(tpy) L1L2](2-n)?, and one closely related dinuclear cation of formula [{Ru(apy)(tpy)}2{l-H2N(CH2)6NH2}]4?. The ligand tpy is 2,20:60,200-terpyridine and the ligand L1 is a bidentate ligand, namely, apy (2,20-azobispyridine), 2-phenylazopyridine, or 2-phenylpyridinylmethylene amine. The ligand L2 is a labile monodentate ligand, being Cl-, H2O, or CH3CN. All six species containing a labile L2 were found to be able to coordinate to the DNA model base 9-ethylguanine by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The dinuclear cationic species, which has no positions available for coordination to a DNA base, was studied for comparison purposes. The interactions between a selection of four representative complexes and calf-thymus DNA were studied by circular and linear dichroism. To explore a possible relation between DNA-binding ability and toxicity, all compounds were screened for anticancer activity in a variety of cancer cell lines, showing in some cases an activity which is comparable to that of cisplatin. Comparison of the details of the compound structures, their DNA binding, and their toxicity allows the exploration of structure–activity relationships that might be used to guide optimization of the activity of agents of this class of compounds

Designing organometallic compounds for catalysis and therapy

Bioorganometallic chemistry is a rapidly developing area of research. In recent years organometallic compounds have provided a rich platform for the design of effective catalysts, e.g. for olefin metathesis and transfer hydrogenation. Electronic and steric effects are used to control both the thermodynamics and kinetics of ligand substitution and redox reactions of metal ions, especially Ru II. Can similar features be incorporated into the design of targeted organometallic drugs? Such complexes offer potential for novel mechanisms of drug action through incorporation of outer-sphere recognition of targets and controlled activation features based on ligand substitution as well as metal- and ligand-based redox processes. We focus here on η 6-arene, η 5-cyclopentadienyl sandwich and half-sandwich complexes of Fe II, Ru II, Os II and Ir III with promising activity towards cancer, malaria, and other conditions. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Reference architectures, platforms, and pilots for european smart and healthy living—analysis and comparison

Motivated by the aging trend, much effort is being invested into implementing ICT (Information and Communications Technology)-enabled systems to provide a better quality of life and support the independent living of older people. As a result, many systems, often labeled as eHealth or AAL (Ambient/Active Assisted Living), were developed over the years. In creating such systems, which very often serve various needs, different architectures have emerged. This work focuses on analyzing and comparing the work and architectures from seven (six of which are in progress) EU-funded healthcare projects, with a total budget of 126MEUR in which we participate. After establishing the theoretical foundation by defining core concepts, we give a brief background on architectures in eHealth and AAL. We elaborate on the chosen analysis method based on three established healthcare and AAL taxonomies we identified by performing a literature survey and the selected Reference Architecture Model (RAM). Since there is no standard way of describing architectures in the eHealth and AAL domain, we conducted the online survey during August and September 2020 and identified CREATE-IoT 3D RAM as the most appropriate option. We present a classification of selected projects based on established taxonomies and map projects’ architectures to CREATE-IoT 3D RAM, which we also propose as standard RAM for future digital healthcare and AAL projects. During our analysis, we identify the most common types of assistance: communication support, reminders, monitoring, and guidance to address health and communication issues. We conclude that proper ecosystems are critical for lowering entry barriers and facilitating sustainable solutions for smart and healthy living