Chronic Pain: Cure It First, Treat It Second

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147056/1/pmr2s324.pd

THE PROCESS OF NATIONALIZING THE ARGENTINE STUDENT MOVEMENT (1955 - 1970)

En la conmemoración del cincuentenario del “Cordobazo”, estallido social que proclamó la unidad obrero-estudiantil, nos disponemos a describir el proceso de incorporación al movimiento nacional, de los estudiantes agrupados en el Frente Estudiantil Nacional, fundado por Roberto Grabois en la década del sesenta, con quien escribimos este artículo. Para ello, nos centramos en el período que se abre con el derrocamiento del presidente Juan Perón, con el golpe de estado en 1955, y los hechos que contribuyeron a debilitar a las fuerzas armadas, bajo el mando del general Juan C. Onganía, entre el ‘66 y el ‘70.Trataremos una etapa caracterizada - luego del impacto del conflicto chino-soviético, por un lado, y el Concilio Vaticano II, por el otro – por el desarrollo de la comprensión de la cuestión nacional y latinoamericana en el movimiento estudiantil y su acercamiento al peronismo. Estos hechos de nivel internacional propiciaron, por ejemplo, el encuentro entre cristianos y marxistas, además de la conformación de nuevos reposicionamientos en torno del fenómeno popular.En esa época, el peronismo tenía limitadas sus opciones electorales por su proscripción de la participación política y la represión hacia el movimiento obrero. Y, si bien, el grueso del estudiantado se había enfrentado a los gobiernos peronistas y apoyó, decididamente, su caída, los sucesos posteriores dieron un vuelco en sus concepciones ideológicas. Especialmente, cuando el gobierno dictatorial irrumpió en la Universidad en 1966 que, como contrapartida, llevó a la peronización de amplios sectores del estudiantado argentino que pedían el regreso del líder exiliado. Vale tal investigación.In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the "Cordobazo", a social outbreak that proclaimed the worker-student unity, we are going to describe the process of incorporation into the national movement of the students grouped in the National Student Front, founded by Roberto Grabois in the decade of the sixty, with whom we wrote this article. For this, we focus on the period that opens with the overthrow of President Juan Perón, with the state coup in 1955, and the events that contributed to weaken the armed forces, under the command of General Juan C. Onganía, between '66 and '70.We will treat a characterized stage - after the impact of the Chinese-Soviet conflict, on the one hand, and the Second Vatican Council, on the other - for the development of the question of the national and Latin American issue in the student movement and its approach to Peronism.These facts at an international level led, for example, to the encounter between Christians and Marxists, as well as the creation of new repositions around the popular phenomenon.At that time, the Peronism had limited its electoral options for its proscription of political participation and repression of the labor movement.And, although, the bulk of the student body had faced the Peronist governments and decidedly supported their fall, the subsequent events gave a turn in their ideological conceptions.Especially, when the dictatorial government broke into the University in 1966, which, as a counterpart, led to the peronization of large sections of the Argentine student body that demanded the return of the exiled leader. It is worth doing such research.Na comemoração do cinquentenário de “Cordobazo”, contexto social que proclamou a unidade trabalhista-estudantil, nos dispomos a descrever o processo de incorporação ao movimento nacional, dos estudantes agrupados na Frente Estudantil Nacional, fundado por Roberto Grabois, na década dos anos sessenta. Para tanto, nos centramos no período que se abre com a derrubada do presidente Juan Perón, com o golpe de estado de 1955, e, os feitos que contribuíram a enfraquecer as forças armadas, sob as ordens do general Juan C. Onganía, entre 1966 e 1970. Trataremos uma etapa caraterizada – logo do impacto do conflito chino-soviético, por um lado, e do Concilio Vaticano II, por outro – pelo desenvolvimento da compreensão da questão nacional e latino-americana no movimento estudantil e sua aproximação ao peronismo. Esses feitos de nível internacional propiciaram, por exemplo, o encontro entre cristãos e marxistas, além da conformação de novos reposicionamentos em torno do fenômeno popular. Nessa época, tinha limitadas suas opções por sua proscrição da participação política e a repressão contra o movimento trabalhista. E, se bem, a maioria dos estudantes havia enfrentado aos governos peronistas e apoiou, decididamente, sua caída, os acontecimentos posteriores deram uma reviravolta as suas concepções ideológicas. Especialmente, quando o governo ditatorial invadiu a Universidade em 1966 que, em contrapartida, levou a peronização de amplos setores dos estudantes argentinos que pediam o regresso do líder exilado. Vale a investigação

Toughness or strength? Regularization in phase-field fracture explained by the coupled criterion

International audienceIn recent years the phase-field method and the coupled energy and stress-based criterion have attracted much attention due to their adaptability in modeling fractures. Both approaches have been successfully used to determine crack initiation and have compared well with real-life experiments. The phase-field method diffuses the crack surface into the volume of the solid, thus making the solution viable through variational techniques. The diffusion is controlled by an internal length scale, which is primarily considered to be a numerical aid without any real physical meaning. In this paper, we question the consideration that the internal length is only a numerical parameter, and assess its mechanical significance with the help of the coupled criterion. Through elaborate benchmark examples, the correlation between the two methods is demonstrated based on the critical loading, the crack topology, and the crack arrest length. We reveal that independently of the chosen aspect, the phase-field approach and the coupled criterion present excellent correspondence. We show that the correlation between tensile strength and length scale is unique for the standard phase-field formulation. Interestingly, we find that both stress and energy criteria are satisfied in the phase-field fracture, and this is explained by demonstrating the alteration in global energy release rate due to the regularization introduced by the smeared model