Hardness variation in inconel 718 produced by laser directed energy deposition

Directed energy deposition (DED) of Inconel 718 is of critical importance for the repair of aerospace components, which have tight tolerances for certification, particularly on mechanical properties. Significant hardness variation has been seen throughout DED manufactured Inconel 718 components, suggestive of variation in mechanical properties, which must be understood such that the variation can either be removed, or implemented within the design in line with regulatory guidance. In this work, γʹ precipitation was theorised to be the cause of hardness variation throughout the component, despite Inconel 718 conventionally being regarded as a γʺ strengthened alloy. A simple precipitation potential model based on a moving heat source was found to correlate with the measured hardness and explain the hardness distribution observed. In addition, it has been shown that sections under a critical thickness of 2 mm never reach the peak hardness in the as-built condition. This understanding allows for the development of in-situ heat treatment strategies to be developed for microstructural, and hence, mechanical property optimisation, necessary for repair technologies where post processing steps are limited

Hardness variation in inconel 718 produced by laser directed energy deposition

Directed energy deposition (DED) of Inconel 718 is of critical importance for the repair of aerospace components, which have tight tolerances for certification, particularly on mechanical properties. Significant hardness variation has been seen throughout DED manufactured Inconel 718 components, suggestive of variation in mechanical properties, which must be understood such that the variation can either be removed, or implemented within the design in line with regulatory guidance. In this work, γʹ precipitation was theorised to be the cause of hardness variation throughout the component, despite Inconel 718 conventionally being regarded as a γʺ strengthened alloy. A simple precipitation potential model based on a moving heat source was found to correlate with the measured hardness and explain the hardness distribution observed. In addition, it has been shown that sections under a critical thickness of 2 mm never reach the peak hardness in the as-built condition. This understanding allows for the development of in-situ heat treatment strategies to be developed for microstructural, and hence, mechanical property optimisation, necessary for repair technologies where post processing steps are limited

Anticipating and Adapting to the Future Impacts of Climate Change on the Health, Security and Welfare of Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Communities in Southeastern USA

Low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) are extensive throughout the southeastern United States. LECZ communities are threatened by inundation from sea level rise, storm surge, wetland degradation, land subsidence, and hydrological flooding. Communication among scientists, stakeholders, policy makers and minority and poor residents must improve. We must predict processes spanning the ecological, physical, social, and health sciences. Communities need to address linkages of (1) human and socioeconomic vulnerabilities; (2) public health and safety; (3) economic concerns; (4) land loss; (5) wetland threats; and (6) coastal inundation. Essential capabilities must include a network to assemble and distribute data and model code to assess risk and its causes, support adaptive management, and improve the resiliency of communities. Better communication of information and understanding among residents and officials is essential. Here we review recent background literature on these matters and offer recommendations for integrating natural and social sciences. We advocate for a cyber-network of scientists, modelers, engineers, educators, and stakeholders from academia, federal state and local agencies, non-governmental organizations, residents, and the private sector. Our vision is to enhance future resilience of LECZ communities by offering approaches to mitigate hazards to human health, safety and welfare and reduce impacts to coastal residents and industries

Multi-pyridine decorated Fe(ii) and Ru(ii) complexes by Pd(0)-catalysed cross couplings: new building blocks for metallosupramolecular assemblies

Eight metal complexes of the type [M(tpy)2]2+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine) featuring four pendant pyridine rings are reported and characterised by NMR, MS, absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. Palladium-mediated Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions were performed on both free 4′-(3,5- dibromophenyl)-tpy and its Ru(ii) complex in good yields. The ready N-alkylation of the pendant pyridyl units has significant influence on the absorption and electrochemical reduction of the complexes, processes which are localised on the periphery and leaves the [Ru(tpy)2]2+ core essentially unaffected. The binding of metal ions by the free pyridines is also demonstrated as means of assembling larger ordered non-covalent structures. This journal i

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Vectorial property dependence in bis4 '-(n-pyridyl)-2,2 ': 6 ',2 ''-terpyridineiron(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes with n=2, 3 and 4

A comparative structural and spectroscopic investigation of the complexes [M(1)(2)](2+), [M(2)(2)](2+) and [ M( 3) 2] 2+ in which M = Fe or Ru, and ligands 1, 2 and 3 are 4`-(2-pyridyl)-, 4`-(3-pyridyl)- and 4`-(4-pyridyl)-2,2`:6`,2``-terpyridine, respectively, is reported. The complexes [Ru(1)(2)](2+), [Ru(2)(2)](2+) and [Ru(3)(2)](2+) undergo mono- and bis-N-methylation. The consequences of methylation on the absorption spectra and electrochemical properties are discussed; the solid-state structure of the bis(N-methylated) derivative of [Ru(2)(2)][PF6](2) is presented

Anticipating and Adapting to the Future Impacts of Climate Change on the Health, Security and Welfare of Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Communities in Southeastern USA

Low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) are extensive throughout the southeastern United States. LECZ communities are threatened by inundation from sea level rise, storm surge, wetland degradation, land subsidence, and hydrological flooding. Communication among scientists, stakeholders, policy makers and minority and poor residents must improve. We must predict processes spanning the ecological, physical, social, and health sciences. Communities need to address linkages of (1) human and socioeconomic vulnerabilities; (2) public health and safety; (3) economic concerns; (4) land loss; (5) wetland threats; and (6) coastal inundation. Essential capabilities must include a network to assemble and distribute data and model code to assess risk and its causes, support adaptive management, and improve the resiliency of communities. Better communication of information and understanding among residents and officials is essential. Here we review recent background literature on these matters and offer recommendations for integrating natural and social sciences. We advocate for a cyber-network of scientists, modelers, engineers, educators, and stakeholders from academia, federal state and local agencies, non-governmental organizations, residents, and the private sector. Our vision is to enhance future resilience of LECZ communities by offering approaches to mitigate hazards to human health, safety and welfare and reduce impacts to coastal residents and industries

Promote flexitarian diets worldwide: Supplementary information to: Governments should unite to curb meat consumption

Marco Springmann and colleagues warn that we must shift to more plant-based ‘flexitarian’ diets if we are to reduce the food system’s projected greenhouse-gas emissions and meet the targets of the 2015 Paris Agreement (Nature 562, 519–525; 2018). We urge countries to work with the United Nations towards a global agreement on food and agriculture that promotes the adoption of such diets, which are more sustainable than meat-based diets and are backed by evidence on healthy eating. Such an agreement would be in line with findings by focus groups in the United States, China, Brazil and the United Kingdom, which indicate that governments should urgently address unsustainable meat consumption (see go.nature.com/2asd1ag). In industrial agriculture, cereals that are edible to humans are fed to animals for conversion into meat and milk. This undermines our food security: rearing livestock is efficient only if the animals convert materials we cannot consume into food we can eat. That means raising them on extensive grasslands, rotating integrated crop-livestock systems and using by-products, unavoidable food waste and crop residues as feed. Feeding animals exclusively on such materials would greatly reduce the availability and hence the consumption of meat and dairy products, as well as the use of water, energy and pesticides — thereby cutting greenhouse-gas emissions

Penality and Modes of Regulating Indigenous Peoples in Australia

The article proposes that race is central to the historical sociology and contemporary practice of punishment in settler societies such as Australia. The roots of massively disproportionate indigenous incarceration rates at the present time must be explored in relation to the history of regimes and cultures of racial segregation and governance in which indigenous peoples were coercively managed, for the most part outside `normal' legal and penal institutions, until the third quarter of the 20th century. The advent of high indigenous incarceration coincides with the cessation of overtly segregationist policies and continues to produce some of the same social consequences for indigenous communities - of social marginalization and civic disenfranchisement - behind a façade of legal impartiality. The reasons for this are, however, complex rather than simple. They are to be found in the legacy of segregationist policies, especially the wholesale removal of children and attempts to annihilate the means of reproduction of Aboriginal culture, and in the manner in which punitive sensibilities can serve as a vehicle for the expression of racial anxieties and antipathies in a liberal political culture in which overtly racist policy has no place