Navigating AI in Personnel Selection: A Scenario-based Study on Applicants\u27 Perceptions

AI-based systems are increasingly deployed on organizational tasks, such as personnel selection decisions. As existing research indicates that applicants generally react negatively to the use of AI in personnel selection, this study examines how organizations can mitigate adverse reactions to fully exploit the benefits of AI. To obtain robust results, we recruited an online sample of German participants (N = 1,852) and presented them with various selection scenarios. Using a between-subject design, the process stage (pre-selection vs. interview) and the degree of process automation (augmented vs. automated) were manipulated. By employing a multidimensional conceptualization of transparency, we show that disclosure and accuracy positively impact procedural justice perceptions, a strong predictor of process quality assessment. This relationship is robust across selection contexts. Results indicate that applicants prefer AI for pre-selection and as human decision support, thus offering overall insights into design choices for AI in selection, optimizing applicant reactions

Optimizacija metode plinske kromatografije-spektrometrije masa za istovremeno određivanje tetrahidrokanabinola i njegovih metabolita u urinu štakora

In order to evaluate the effect of irinotecan (IRI) on urinary elimination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a rat experimental model, we developed an analytical method for the determination of the mass concentration of THC and its metabolites [11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH)] in the urine of rats treated only with THC and treated simultaneously with THC and irinotecan. For this purpose, hydrolysis and solid phase extraction conditions of the investigated analytes were optimised and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed to determine all three analytes in rat urine. The most effective hydrolysis method for THC, THC-OH, and THC-COOH conjugates was so-called tandem hydrolysis by the β-glucuronidase enzyme from Escherichia coli at 50 °C for 2 hours and followed by alkaline hydrolysis. The proposed method was then applied for determining concentrations of analytes in 24-hour rat urine. THC was not detected in either sample, THC-OH was detected in 50 % of samples, and THC-COOH in all of the samples. Enhanced urinary THC-COOH excretion was noted in rats administered combined treatment compared to single THC treatment. The method described herein was suitable for determining the mass concentration of THC metabolites in the rat urine due to its sensitivity (detection limits: 0.8-1.0 μg/L), accuracy (>96 %), and precision (RSD 96%) i preciznosti (RSD <6%)

Developing limits for driving under cannabis

ABSTRACT Objective Development of a rational and enforceable basis for controlling the impact of cannabis use on traffic safety. Methods An international working group of experts on issues related to drug use and traffic safety evaluated evidence from experimental and epidemiological research and discussed potential approaches to developing per se limits for cannabis. Results In analogy to alcohol, finite (non-zero) per se limits for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood appear to be the most effective approach to separating drivers who are impaired by cannabis use from those who are no longer under the influence. Limited epidemiological studies indicate that serum concentrations of THC below 10 ng/ml are not associated with an elevated accident risk. A comparison of meta-analyses of experimental studies on the impairment of driving-relevant skills by alcohol or cannabis suggests that a THC concentration in the serum of 7-10 ng/ml is correlated with an impairment comparable to that caused by a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%. Thus, a suitable numerical limit for THC in serum may fall in that range. Conclusions This analysis offers an empirical basis for a per se limit for THC that allows identification of drivers impaired by cannabis. The limited epidemiological data render this limit preliminary

Experience of road and other trauma by the opiate dependent patient: a survey report

Background: Trauma plays an important role in the experience of many patients with substance use disorder, but is relatively under-studied particularly in Australia. The present survey examined the lifetime prevalence of various forms of trauma including driving careers in the context of relevant medical conditions. Methods: A survey was undertaken in a family medicine practice with a special interest in addiction medicine in Brisbane, Australia. Results: Of 350 patients surveyed, 220 were substance dependent, and 130 were general medical patients. Addicted patients were younger (mean ± S.D. 33.72 ± 8.14 vs. 44.24 ± 16.91 years, P < 0.0001) and had shorter driving histories (15.96 ± 8.50 vs. 25.54 ± 15.03 years, P < 0.0001). They had less driving related medical problems (vision, spectacle use, diabetes) but more fractures, surgical operations, dental trauma and assaults. Addicted patients also had significantly worse driving histories on most parameters measured including percent with driving suspensions (O.R. = 7.70, C.I. 4.38-13.63), duration of suspensions (1.71 ± 3.60 vs. 0.11 ± 0.31 years, P < 0.0001), number of motor vehicle collisions (2.00 ± 3.30 vs. 1.10 ± 1.32, P = 0.01), numbers of cars repaired (1.73 ± 3.59 vs. 1.08 ± 1.60, P = 0.042), rear end collisions (O.R. = 1.90, CI 1.13-3.25), running away after car crashes (O.R. = 26.37, CI 4.31-1077.48), other people hospitalized (O.R. = 2.00, C.I. 0.93-4.37, P = 0.037) and people killed (17 vs. 0 P = 0.0005). Upon multivariate analysis group membership was shown to be a significant determinant of both cars repaired and cars hit when controlled for length of driving history. Hence use of all types of drugs (O.R. = 10.07, C.I. 8.80-14.72) was more common in addicted patients as were general (O.R. = 3.64, C.I. 2.99-4.80) and road (O.R.= 2.73, C.I. 2.36-3.15) trauma. Conclusion: This study shows that despite shorter driving histories, addicted patients have worse driving careers and general trauma experience than the comparison group which is not explained by associated medical conditions. Trauma is relevant to addiction management at both the patient and policy levels. Substance dependence policies which focus largely on prevention of virus transmission likely have too narrow a public health focus, and tend to engender an unrealistically simplistic and trivialized view of the addiction syndrome. Reduction of drug driving and drug related trauma likely require policies which reduce drug use per se, and are not limited to harm reduction measures alone

Cannabinoid pharmacology in cancer research: A new hope for cancer patients?

Cannabinoids have been used for many centuries to ease pain and in the past decade, the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a number of pathophysiological conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, glaucoma, obesity, and osteoporosis. Several studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids also have anti-cancer activity and as cannabinoids are usually well tolerated and do not produce the typical toxic effects of conventional chemotherapies, there is considerable merit in the development of cannabinoids as potential anticancer therapies. Whilst the presence of psychoactive effects of cannabinoids could prevent any progress in this field, recent studies have shown the value of the non-psychoactive components of cannabinoids in activating apoptotic pathways, inducing anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects. The aforementioned effects are suggested to be through pathways such as ERK, Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways and hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1), all of which are important contributors to the hallmarks of cancer. Many important questions still remain unanswered or are poorly addressed thus necessitating further research at basic pre-clinical and clinical levels. In this review, we address these issues with a view to identifying the key challenges that future research needs to address

Cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in a non-clinical sample of users

OBJECTIVE: With the recent debates over marijuana legalization and increases in use, it is critical to examine its role in cognition. While many studies generally support the adverse acute effects of cannabis on neurocognition, the non-acute effects remain less clear. The current study used a cross-sectional design to examine relationships between recent and past cannabis use on neurocognitive functioning in a non-clinical adult sample. METHOD: One hundred and fifty-eight participants were recruited through fliers distributed around local college campuses and the community. All participants completed the Brief Drug Use History Form, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders, and neurocognitive assessment, and underwent urine toxicology screening. Participants consisted of recent users (n = 68), past users (n = 41), and non-users (n = 49). RESULTS: Recent users demonstrated significantly (p < .05) worse performance than non-users across cognitive domains of attention/working memory (M = 42.4, SD = 16.1 vs. M = 50.5, SD = 10.2), information processing speed (M = 44.3, SD = 7.3 vs. M = 52.1, SD = 11.0), and executive functioning (M = 43.6, SD = 13.4 vs. M = 48.6, SD = 7.2). There were no statistically significant differences between recent users and past users on neurocognitive performance. Frequency of cannabis use in the last 4 weeks was negatively associated with global neurocognitive performance and all individual cognitive domains. Similarly, amount of daily cannabis use was negatively associated with global neurocognitive performance and individual cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the widespread adverse effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive functioning. Although some of these adverse effects appear to attenuate with abstinence, past users' neurocognitive functioning was consistently lower than non-users

A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair

Cannabis products (marijuana, weed, hashish) are among the most widely abused psychoactive drugs in the world, due to their euphorigenic and anxiolytic properties. Recently, hair analysis is of great interest in analytical, clinical, and forensic sciences due to its non-invasiveness, negligible risk of infection and tampering, facile storage, and a wider window of detection. Hair analysis is now widely accepted as evidence in courts around the world. Hair analysis is very feasible to complement saliva, blood tests, and urinalysis. In this review, we have focused on state of the art in hair analysis of cannabis with particular attention to hair sample preparation for cannabis analysis involving pulverization, extraction and screening techniques followed by confirmatory tests (e.g., GC–MS and LC–MS/MS). We have reviewed the literature for the past 10 years’ period with special emphasis on cannabis quantification using mass spectrometry. The pros and cons of all the published methods have also been discussed along with the prospective future of cannabis analysis