Woody vegetation and flora of the forests of the Andes in Madidi region, La Paz, Bolivia

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, leída el 13/01/2016Introducción: La región del Madidi en el noroeste de Bolivia es una de las más biodiversas del mundo, por incluir un amplio rango altitudinal desde los 200 hasta más de 6000 m, y floras de los Andes y la Amazonía, dos de las regiones biogeográficas más diversas del mundo. Esta región comprende territorios de tres áreas protegidas de interés nacional (Madidi, Apolobamba y Pilón Lajas), superpuestas a comunidades indígenas, campesinas, y áreas de exploración hidrocarburífera, lo cual ha generado muchos conflictos, incrementando sustancialmente las amenazas sobre los ecosistemas forestales en los últimos años. La falta de información ecológica y florística-estructural detallada de la vegetación boscosa a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal, no ha permitido una gestión eficaz de los mismos en la región. Además, información sobre la ecología de especies de los bosques, fundamental para efectuar actividades de manejo y/o conservación en la región, es escasa o vaga. Objetivos: Por tanto, se abordó el presente estudio en la región del Madidi para profundizar en el conocimiento de la vegetación boscosa, y de sus especies. Tratando de delimitar unidades discretas de vegetación, relacionando la composición florística con factores ambientales. Para lo cual se aprovechó la disponibilidad de un conjunto de datos de inventarios exhaustivos, florístico-estructurales, provenientes de parcelas forestales temporales, que cuentan con sus respectivos datos ambientales. Materiales y métodos: El juego de datos analizado comprende 415 parcelas de 0.1 ha, distribuidas entre 250 y 4350 m de altitud, que cuentan con información taxonómica y estructural de 2280 taxones de plantas leñosas. Empleamos en total 32 variables abióticas de cada parcela, de las cuales 18 son edáficas, 11 bioclimáticas basadas en parámetros de temperatura de WorldClim, y tres variables topográficas. Se descartaron las variables bioclimáticas de WorldClim basadas en parámetros de precipitación por mostrarse demasiado discordantes con la vegetación observada en campo. Para cada parcela se calcularon 10 variables bióticas, que son el número de especies, índice de Shannon Wiener, altura media de los individuos, área basal total, número de individuos, ratio individuos-tallos, número de lianas, número de palmeras, número de helechos arbóreos, y número de cactus; por una parte para establecer diferencias estructurales entre los grupos, y por otra para evaluar su utilidad como subrogados de condiciones ambientales particulares...Introduction: The Madidi region of Northwestern Bolivia's is one of the most biodiverse areas of the World, it include a wide elevational range from 200 to over 6000 m, and representation of the Andean and Amazonian floras, two of the World's most diverse biogeographic regions. It comprises territories of Apolobamba, Madidi and Pilón Lajas, protected areas of particular national interest, overlaps with indigenous communities, agricultural zones, and areas of hydrocarbon exploration, which has generated many conflicts, and substantially increased the threats to forest ecosystems in recent years. The lack of ecological and floristic-structural details of the forest vegetation along the elevational gradient, has not allowed an effective management of the region. In addition, information on the ecology of forest species, essential to carry out activities of management and/or conservation in the region, is insufficient or lacking. Objectives: The present study in the Madidi region therefore addresses this issue and aim to deepen the knowledge of the forest vegetation, and its species. To delineate discrete vegetation units, based on the relationship between environmental factors and floristic composition, we took advantage of the availability of a floristicstructural dataset, composed of temporary forest inventories plots with their respective environmental data. Materials and methods: The analyzed data set comprises 415 plots of 0.1 ha, distributed between 250 and 4350 m elevation, which have structural and taxonomic information of 2280 woody plants taxa. We employ a total of 32 abiotic variables from each plot, of which 18 are edaphic, 11 topographic variables based on WorldClim temperature parameters, and three bioclimatic variables. WorldClim’s parameters on bioclimatic precipitations were considered too discordant with the vegetation observed in field and were therefore discarded. For each plot we calculated 10 biotic variables, which were the number of species, index of Shannon Wiener, average height of individuals, total basal area, number of individuals, the ratio between individuals and stems, number of lianas, palms, tree ferns, and cacti. This was done to establish 1) structural differences between plot groups, and 2) to evaluate its usefulness as subrogated in particular environmental conditions...Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y BotánicaFac. de FarmaciaTRUEunpu

Forests are not immune to plant invasions: phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation allow Prunella vulgaris to colonize a temperate evergreen rainforest

El pdf del artículo es la versión post-print.In the South American temperate evergreen rainforest (Valdivian forest), invasive plants are mainly restricted to open sites, being rare in the shaded understory. This is consistent with the notion of closed-canopy forests as communities relatively resistant to plant invasions. However, alien plants able to develop shade tolerance could be a threat to this unique forest. Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation are two mechanisms enhancing invasiveness. Phenotypic plasticity can promote local adaptation by facilitating the establishment and persistence of invasive species in novel environments. We investigated the role of these processes in the recent colonization of Valdivian forest understory by the perennial alien herb Prunella vulgaris from nearby populations in open sites. Using reciprocal transplants, we found local adaptation between populations. Field data showed that the shade environment selected for taller plants and greater specific leaf areas. We found population differentiation and within-population genetic variation in both mean values and reaction norms to light variation of several ecophysiological traits in common gardens from seeds collected in sun and shade populations. The colonization of the forest resulted in a reduction of plastic responses to light variation, which is consistent with the occurrence of genetic assimilation and suggests that P. vulgaris individuals adapted to the shade have reduced probabilities to return to open sites. All results taken together confirm the potential for rapid evolution of shade tolerance in P. vulgaris and suggest that this alien species may pose a threat to the native understory flora of Valdivian forest. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.OG wants to acknowledge financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry for Education and Science grants RASINV GL2004-04884-C02 02/BOS (as part of the coordinate project RINVE). A CSIC CONICYT collaborative grant to FV and EG contributed to the development of this study.Peer Reviewe

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE FLUJO BIFÁSICO “CAIDA DE PRESIÓN TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR Y LOS MÉTODOS DE SOLUCIÓN”

RESUMEN   En el siguiente trabajo se realizó una revisión general de publicaciones realizadas en los últimos años sobre el flujo bifásico. El eje central se estableció en la determinación de correlaciones y modelos para la predicción de la caída de presión y el coeficiente de transferencia de calor presentes en el flujo bifásico. También se revisaron documentos sobre casos puntuales de análisis del flujo bifásico, desarrollo de técnicas de medición y métodos numéricos relacionados con el tema.   Palabras clave: Flujo bifásico, Vapor, Hidrocarburos, Condensación, Caída de presión, Transferencia de calor, Métodos numéricos. ABSTRACT   In this paper, were conducted a comprehensive review of publications for the last years on the two-phase flow. The center was established in the determination of correlations and models for predicting the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. Also were reviewed papers on specific cases of two-phase flow analysis, development of measurement techniques and numerical methods related to the subject.   Keywords: Biphasic Flow, Steam, Hydrocarbon, Condensation, Pressure drop, Heat Transfer, Numerical Method

Biomass combustion modeling using openFOAM: development of a simple computational model and study of the combustion performance of Lippia origanoides bagasse

Combustion is the most commonly used technology to produce energy from biomass; nevertheless, there are still thermal efficiency problems in current biomass combustion furnaces and a lack of knowledge about the properties of residual biomasses that could be used as fuels. Aiming to contribute to knowledge of the potential of residual biomass for energy generation, this work reports on the implementation of a 2D computational model to study the combustion performance of several solid biomass fuels, and its application in the analysis of Lippia origanoides bagasse combustion. The model uses an Eulerian–Lagrangian approach; in the continuous phase, governing equations are solved, and in the dispersed phase, particles are tracked and the mass, momentum, species and energy transfer between the phases are calculated. The model was validated against experimental data from a combustor fueled by three biomasses: wood pellets, olive stone and almond shell. The results show deviations of less than 13%, with few exceptions, which indicates a good degree of agreement with experimental measurements compared with those reported by other studies on the subject. Furthermore, it was found that the stems of Lippia origanoides bagasse show similar performance to that of other biomass used as solid fuel, while the leaves present lower performance.Minciencias, Ministerio de Educación Nacional, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo e ICETEX, Colombia | Ref. RC-FP44842-212-201

Elevation and latitude drives structure and tree species composition in Andean forests: Results from a large-scale plot network

Our knowledge about the structure and function of Andean forests at regional scales remains limited. Current initiatives to study forests over continental or global scales still have important geographical gaps, particularly in regions such as the tropical and subtropical Andes. In this study, we assessed patterns of structure and tree species diversity along ~ 4000 km of latitude and ~ 4000 m of elevation range in Andean forests. We used the Andean Forest Network (Red de Bosques Andinos, https://redbosques.condesan.org/) database which, at present, includes 491 forest plots (totaling 156.3 ha, ranging from 0.01 to 6 ha) representing a total of 86,964 identified tree stems ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height belonging to 2341 identified species, 584 genera and 133 botanical families. Tree stem density and basal area increases with elevation while species richness decreases. Stem density and species richness both decrease with latitude. Subtropical forests have distinct tree species composition compared to those in the tropical region. In addition, floristic similarity of subtropical plots is between 13 to 16% while similarity between tropical forest plots is between 3% to 9%. Overall, plots ~ 0.5-ha or larger may be preferred for describing patterns at regional scales in order to avoid plot size effects. We highlight the need to promote collaboration and capacity building among researchers in the Andean region (i.e., South-South cooperation) in order to generate and synthesize information at regional scale.Fil: Malizia, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Blundo, Cecilia Mabel. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Carilla, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Osinaga Acosta, Oriana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cuesta, Francisco. Universidad de Las Américas; Ecuador. Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina; EcuadorFil: Duque, Alvaro. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Medellín; ColombiaFil: Aguirre, Nikolay. Universidad Nacional de Loja. Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales del Ambiente y la Biodiversidad; EcuadorFil: Aguirre, Zhofre. Universidad Nacional de Loja. Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales del Ambiente y la Biodiversidad; EcuadorFil: Ataroff, Michele. Universidad de Los Andes; VenezuelaFil: Baez, Selene. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; EcuadorFil: Calderón Loor, Marco. Universidad de Las Américas; Ecuador. Deakin University; AustraliaFil: Cayola, Leslie. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia; Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Cayuela, Luis. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; EspañaFil: Ceballos, Sergio Javier. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cedillo, Hugo. Universidad de Cuenca; EcuadorFil: Farfán Ríos, William. Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco. Herbario Vargas; PerúFil: Feeley, Kenneth J.. University of Miami; Estados UnidosFil: Fuentes, Alfredo Fernando. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia; Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Gámez Álvarez, Luis E.. Universidad de Los Andes; VenezuelaFil: Grau, Hector Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Homeier, Juergen. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Jadan, Oswaldo. Universidad de Cuenca; EcuadorFil: Llambi, Luis Daniel. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; EcuadorFil: Loza Rivera, María Isabel. University of Missouri; Estados Unidos. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia; Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Macía, Manuel J.. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Malhi, Yadvinder. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Malizia, Lucio Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Peralvo, Manuel. Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina; EcuadorFil: Pinto, Esteban. Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina; EcuadorFil: Tello, Sebastián. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Silman, Miles. Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability; Estados UnidosFil: Young, Kenneth R.. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unido

La enseñanza en el máster de abogacía a través del análisis de casos reales de carácter multidisciplinar. Aprendizaje "a partir del estudio de razonamientos parciales temáticos"

Generar blog para publicaciones de alumnos del Máster Abogacía, con "entradas" dirigidas. Habría análisis desde varias disciplinas añadiéndose estudios con enfoque basado en otras áreas de conocimiento, generando interdisciplinariedad

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Risk Factors for COVID-19 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National, ENEIDA-Based Case–Control Study (COVID-19-EII)

(1) Scant information is available concerning the characteristics that may favour the acquisition of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess these differences between infected and noninfected patients with IBD. (2) This nationwide case-control study evaluated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with COVID-19 (cases) and without COVID-19 (controls) during the period March-July 2020 included in the ENEIDA of GETECCU. (3) A total of 496 cases and 964 controls from 73 Spanish centres were included. No differences were found in the basal characteristics between cases and controls. Cases had higher comorbidity Charlson scores (24% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and occupational risk (28% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.0001) more frequently than did controls. Lockdown was the only protective measure against COVID-19 (50% vs. 70%; p < 0.0001). No differences were found in the use of systemic steroids, immunosuppressants or biologics between cases and controls. Cases were more often treated with 5-aminosalicylates (42% vs. 34%; p = 0.003). Having a moderate Charlson score (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3-5.9), occupational risk (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.8-4.4) and the use of 5-aminosalicylates (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) were factors for COVID-19. The strict lockdown was the only protective factor (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.09-0.2). (4) Comorbidities and occupational exposure are the most relevant factors for COVID-19 in patients with IBD. The risk of COVID-19 seems not to be increased by immunosuppressants or biologics, with a potential effect of 5-aminosalicylates, which should be investigated further and interpreted with caution

How Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Pandemic Affect the Depression Symptomatology in Mediterranean Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome?

Background and Aims. To control the COVID-19 spread, in March 2020, a forced home lockdown was established in Spain. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of mobility and social COVID-19-established restrictions on depressive symptomatology in older adults with metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that severe restrictions might have resulted in detrimental changes in depressive symptomatology. Methods. 2,312 PREDIMED-Plus study participants (men = 53:9%; mean age = 64:9±4:8 years) who completed a COVID-19 lockdown questionnaire to assess the severity of restrictions/lockdown and the validated Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) during the three established phases concerning the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain (prelockdown, lockdown, and postlockdown) were included in this longitudinal analysis. Participants were categorized according to high or low lockdown severity. Analyses of covariance were performed to assess changes in depressive symptomatology across lockdown phases. Results. No significant differences in participant depression symptomatology changes were observed between lockdown severity categories (low/high) at the studied phases. During the lockdown phase, participants showed a decrease in BDI-II score compared to the prelockdown phase (mean (95% CI), -0.48 (-0.24, -0.72), P < 0:001); a nonsignificantly larger decrease was observed in participants allocated in the low-lockdown category (low: -0.59 (-0.95, -0.23), high: -0.43 (-0.67, -0.19)). Similar decreases in depression symptomatology were found for the physical environment dimension. The post- and prelockdown phase BDI-II scores were roughly similar. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown was associated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology that returned to prelockdown levels after the lockdown. The degree of lockdown was not associated with depressive symptomatology. The potential preventive role of the physical environment and social interactions on mental disorders during forced home lockdown should be further studie

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]