A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

Evaluation of the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth, reconstructed with post and cores, when submitted to the dynamic loading

Neste estudo, foi avaliada a resistência à fratura de dentes que, já tratados endodonticamente, foram reconstruídos proteticamente com uma coroa de liga de NiCr (Verabond II), a qual era apoiada sobre núcleos compostos por diferentes materiais, obtidos por diferentes técnicas, cimentados no remanescente radicular com o ionômero de vidro Rely X Lutting 2, o qual é acrescido de resina composta. Esses núcleos eram do tipo metálico fundido, no grupo NMF; no grupo ANATO, a resina composta Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul-MN, USA) constituía o núcleo, contendo um pino de fibra de vidro (Reforpost Fibra de Vidro RX, Ângelus Indústria de Produtos Odontológicos Ltda.,Londrina-PR); este mesmo tipo de pino era utilizado no grupo PFFV, sendo diretamente cimentado, sem acréscimo de resina; finalmente, no grupo PFM, um pino metálico (no 064, FKG Dentaire S. A., La Chaux-de-Fonds, Swiss) era cimentado da mesma maneira descrita para o grupo anterior. Os remanescentes radiculares eram provenientes de dentes caninos superiores humanos, distribuídos aleatoriamente, compondo assim os quatro grupos, cada um com 10 espécimes: Os espécimes, após 24 horas da cimentação, foram submetidos a esforços cíclicos, em uma Máquina Eletro-Mecânica de Fadiga, aplicados no sentido do longo eixo dental, com carga de 20 N, na freqüência de 2,0 Hz, assim perfazendo um total de 250.000 ciclos. Excetuando-se 2 corpos-de-prova cujos núcleos soltaram-se da raiz, durante a carga cíclica, todos os demais foram submetidos a uma carga de compressão, numa máquina universal de ensaios (Kratos - Dinamômetros Ltda. São Paulo-SP), regulada na velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, com a força aplicada na face palatina da coroa, num ângulo de 45º em relação ao longo eixo dental, até a ocorrência da fratura radicular. Os valores de resistência encontrados foram os seguintes, em ordem decrescente: 47,677 kgf para o grupo NMF, 34,921 kgf para o PFM, 31,354 kgf para o PFFV e, 27,172 kgf para o ANATO. A análise de variância aplicada aos valores originais apontou diferença entre os grupos estudados e um subseqüente teste de Tukey (p<0,05) permitiu verificar semelhanças entre todos eles, com diferença significante apenas entre os grupos NMF e ANATO.In this study, was evaluated the strength of endodontically treated teeth, had been reconstructed with a crown of NiCr alloy (Verabond II), which was supported by a post and core for different materials, gotten for different techniques, cemented in the root with the glass ionomer Rely X Lutting 2, which is increased of composed resin. These diferents post and cores were of the casting metallic type, in group NMF; in group ANATO, the composed resin Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul-MN, USA) was the core, contend a glass fiber post (Reforpost Fibra de Vidro RX, Ângelus Indústria de Produtos Odontológicos Ltda., Londrina - PR); this exactly type of post was used in group PFFV, being directly cemented, without resin addition on the core; finally, in group PFM, a metallic post (064, FKG Dentaire S. , La Chaux-of-Fonds, Swiss) were cemented in the same way described for the previous group. All the roots were proceeding from maxillary human canines, randomly distributed, thus composing the four groups, each one with 10 specimens: The specimens, after 24 hours of the cimentation, had been submitted the cyclical efforts, in an Electromechanical Machine of Fatigue, applied in the direction of the long dental axle, with load of 20 N, in the frequency of 2 Hz, thus occuring a total of 250.000 cycles. Excepting 2 body-of-test whose post and cores had been freed of the root, during the cyclical load, all excessively had been submitted to a compression load, in a universal machine of assays (Kratos - Ltda. Dinamômetros. São Paulo - SP), regulated in the speed of 0,5 mm/min, with the force applied in the lingual face of the crown, in an angle of 45º in relation to the long dental axle, until the occurrence of the any root fracture. The joined values of resistance had been following, orderly the decreasing one: 47,677 kgf for group NMF, 34.921 kgf for the PFM, 31,354 kgf for the PFFV and, 27,172 kgf for the ANATO. The analysis of variance applied to the original values pointed difference between the studied groups and a subsequent Tukey test (p<0,05) it allowed to verify similarities between all they, with significant difference only between groups NMF and ANATO

Evaluation of the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth, reconstructed with post and cores, when submitted to the dynamic loading

Neste estudo, foi avaliada a resistência à fratura de dentes que, já tratados endodonticamente, foram reconstruídos proteticamente com uma coroa de liga de NiCr (Verabond II), a qual era apoiada sobre núcleos compostos por diferentes materiais, obtidos por diferentes técnicas, cimentados no remanescente radicular com o ionômero de vidro Rely X Lutting 2, o qual é acrescido de resina composta. Esses núcleos eram do tipo metálico fundido, no grupo NMF; no grupo ANATO, a resina composta Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul-MN, USA) constituía o núcleo, contendo um pino de fibra de vidro (Reforpost Fibra de Vidro RX, Ângelus Indústria de Produtos Odontológicos Ltda.,Londrina-PR); este mesmo tipo de pino era utilizado no grupo PFFV, sendo diretamente cimentado, sem acréscimo de resina; finalmente, no grupo PFM, um pino metálico (no 064, FKG Dentaire S. A., La Chaux-de-Fonds, Swiss) era cimentado da mesma maneira descrita para o grupo anterior. Os remanescentes radiculares eram provenientes de dentes caninos superiores humanos, distribuídos aleatoriamente, compondo assim os quatro grupos, cada um com 10 espécimes: Os espécimes, após 24 horas da cimentação, foram submetidos a esforços cíclicos, em uma Máquina Eletro-Mecânica de Fadiga, aplicados no sentido do longo eixo dental, com carga de 20 N, na freqüência de 2,0 Hz, assim perfazendo um total de 250.000 ciclos. Excetuando-se 2 corpos-de-prova cujos núcleos soltaram-se da raiz, durante a carga cíclica, todos os demais foram submetidos a uma carga de compressão, numa máquina universal de ensaios (Kratos - Dinamômetros Ltda. São Paulo-SP), regulada na velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, com a força aplicada na face palatina da coroa, num ângulo de 45º em relação ao longo eixo dental, até a ocorrência da fratura radicular. Os valores de resistência encontrados foram os seguintes, em ordem decrescente: 47,677 kgf para o grupo NMF, 34,921 kgf para o PFM, 31,354 kgf para o PFFV e, 27,172 kgf para o ANATO. A análise de variância aplicada aos valores originais apontou diferença entre os grupos estudados e um subseqüente teste de Tukey (p<0,05) permitiu verificar semelhanças entre todos eles, com diferença significante apenas entre os grupos NMF e ANATO.In this study, was evaluated the strength of endodontically treated teeth, had been reconstructed with a crown of NiCr alloy (Verabond II), which was supported by a post and core for different materials, gotten for different techniques, cemented in the root with the glass ionomer Rely X Lutting 2, which is increased of composed resin. These diferents post and cores were of the casting metallic type, in group NMF; in group ANATO, the composed resin Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul-MN, USA) was the core, contend a glass fiber post (Reforpost Fibra de Vidro RX, Ângelus Indústria de Produtos Odontológicos Ltda., Londrina - PR); this exactly type of post was used in group PFFV, being directly cemented, without resin addition on the core; finally, in group PFM, a metallic post (064, FKG Dentaire S. , La Chaux-of-Fonds, Swiss) were cemented in the same way described for the previous group. All the roots were proceeding from maxillary human canines, randomly distributed, thus composing the four groups, each one with 10 specimens: The specimens, after 24 hours of the cimentation, had been submitted the cyclical efforts, in an Electromechanical Machine of Fatigue, applied in the direction of the long dental axle, with load of 20 N, in the frequency of 2 Hz, thus occuring a total of 250.000 cycles. Excepting 2 body-of-test whose post and cores had been freed of the root, during the cyclical load, all excessively had been submitted to a compression load, in a universal machine of assays (Kratos - Ltda. Dinamômetros. São Paulo - SP), regulated in the speed of 0,5 mm/min, with the force applied in the lingual face of the crown, in an angle of 45º in relation to the long dental axle, until the occurrence of the any root fracture. The joined values of resistance had been following, orderly the decreasing one: 47,677 kgf for group NMF, 34.921 kgf for the PFM, 31,354 kgf for the PFFV and, 27,172 kgf for the ANATO. The analysis of variance applied to the original values pointed difference between the studied groups and a subsequent Tukey test (p<0,05) it allowed to verify similarities between all they, with significant difference only between groups NMF and ANATO

Influence of different catilever extensions and glass or polyamaramid reinforcement fibers on fracture strength of implant-supported temporary

In long-term oral rehabilitation treatments, resistance of provisional crowns is a very important factor, especially in cases of an extensive edentulous distal space. The aim of this laboratorial study was to evaluate an acrylic resin cantilever-type prosthesis regarding the flexural strength of its in-balance portion as a function of its extension variation and reinforcement by two types of fibers (glass and polyaramid), considering that literature is not conclusive on this subject. Each specimen was composed by 3 total crowns at its mesial portion, each one attached to an implant component (abutment), while the distal portion (cantilever) had two crowns. Each specimen was constructed by injecting acrylic resin into a two-part silicone matrix placed on a metallic base. In each specimen, the crowns were fabricated with either acrylic resin (control group) or acrylic resin reinforced by glass (Fibrante, Angelus) or polyaramide (Kevlar 49, Du Pont) fibers. Compression load was applied on the cantilever, in a point located 7, 14 or 21 mm from the distal surface of the nearest crown with abutment, to simulate different extensions. The specimen was fixed on the metallic base and the force was applied until fracture in a universal test machine. Each one of the 9 sub-groups was composed by 10 specimens. Flexural strength means (in kgf) for the distances of 7, 14 and 21 mm were, respectively, 28.07, 8.27 and 6.39 for control group, 31.89, 9.18 and 5.16 for Kevlar 49 and 30.90, 9.31 and 6.86 for Fibrante. Data analysis ANOVA showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) only regarding cantilever extension. Tukey's test detected significantly higher flexural strength for the 7 mm-distance, followed by 14 and 21 mm. Fracture was complete only on specimens of non-reinforced groups

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora