Post-dispersal fate of seeds in the Monte desert of Argentina: patterns of germination in successive wet and dry years

1 Patterns of seed germination of grass and forb species were studied in open Prosopis woodland of the central Monte desert (Argentina) during several years, to test the hypotheses that (i) seed germination is positively affected by both rainfall and protection afforded by vegetation cover (a facilitative effect), (ii) the number of surviving plants is positively influenced by rainfall but negatively affected by established vegetation (a competitive effect), and (iii) seed loss from soil banks owing to germination is lower than that caused by granivorous animals. 2 Forb species germinated during restricted periods, either in early autumn or in spring. Grasses, however, germinated throughout the growing season, but because seedlings could not be identified to species level, it was impossible to discern whether different species germinated in particular seasons, or if all grasses germinated in all seasons. Grass and forb germination were generally of similar magnitude, but grass germination increased by an order of magnitude during a summer of unusually abundant rainfall related to an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. 3 Overall, the spatial distribution of neither germinating seeds nor surviving plants could be explained by interactions with established vegetation (facilitation and competition effects, respectively). An alternative explanation may be provided by the distribution of forb and grass seeds in the soil, 4 Seed loss owing to germination was low in both dry and rainy years. For forbs, such loss totalled 4%. Total grass-seed loss to germination was usually < 0.5%, and the 5% reached in 1997-98 corresponded to an interruption of a prolonged drought by unusually abundant rainfall associated with a reduced seed bank. 5 Grass-seed loss caused by germination was one to two orders of magnitude lower than that reported due to autumn-winter granivory in the central Monte desert.Fil: Marone, Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Horno, Manuel E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez del Solar, Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentin

Implementación de un modelo de daño con ablandamiento en un software comercial

La degradación en los materiales puede ser interpretada como una reducción en su rigidez. La evolución del daño puede seguir diferentes leyes de variación de acuerdo a la naturaleza física del fenómeno. La mecánica del daño continuo es una herramienta que describe el deterioro progresivo de las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales. Existen numerosos modelos matemáticos para describir el fenómeno, entre ellos el modelo más simple es el de daño escalar debido a que la degradación de la rigidez se describe a través de una sola variable escalar. El propósito de este trabajo es la implementación de un modelo de daño escalar con ablandamiento lineal a través de una subrutina de usuario en un software comercial. A su vez, se incorpora un segundo modelo de daño con ablandamiento exponencial. Para ello, se propuso un algoritmo de tipo implícito basado en el Método de Backward Euler para la resolución de las ecuaciones de equilibrio no lineal. Los modelos obtenidos fueron validados teóricamente para un material ideal por medio de la contrastación de los resultados numéricos y las ecuaciones teóricas que gobiernan el sistema. Adicionalmente, se modeló un material real y se compararon los resultados de la simulación con resultados experimentales.Fil: González del Solar, Gerardo Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Mendoza. Centro Regional de Desarrollos Tecnológicos para la Construcción, Sismología e Ingeniería Sísmica; ArgentinaFil: Martín, Pablo E.. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Mendoza. Centro Regional de Desarrollos Tecnológicos para la Construcción, Sismología e Ingeniería Sísmica; ArgentinaFil: Maldonado, Noemi Graciela. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Mendoza. Centro Regional de Desarrollos Tecnológicos para la Construcción, Sismología e Ingeniería Sísmica; Argentin

Magneto-Optic Faraday Effect in Maghemite Nanoparticles/Silica Matrix Nanocomposites prepared by the Sol-Gel Method

Published in Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials an Elsevier Pub.Bulk monolithic samples of γ-Fe2O3/SiO2 composites with different iron oxide/silica ratios have been prepared by the sol-gel technique. Iron oxide nanoparticles are obtained in-situ during heat treatment of samples and silica matrix consolidation. Preparation method was previously optimized to minimize the percentage of antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3 and parallelepipeds of roughly 2×5×12 mm, with good mechanical stability, are obtained. RT magnetization curves show a non-histeretic behavior. Thus, magnetization measurements have been well fitted to an expression that combines the Langevin equation with an additional linear term, indicating that some of the nanoparticles are still superparamagnetic as confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction and Electron Microscopy measurements. ZFC/FC experiments show curves with slightly different shapes, depending on the size and shape distribution of nanoparticles for a given composition. Magneto-optical Faraday effect measurements show that the Faraday rotation is proportional to magnetization of the samples, as expected. As a demonstration of their sensing possibilities, the relative intensity of polarized light, measured at 5º from the extinction angle, was plotted versus applied magnetic field

Evolution of central pattern generators for the control of a five-link bipedal walking mechanism

Central pattern generators (CPGs), with a basis is neurophysiological studies, are a type of neural network for the generation of rhythmic motion. While CPGs are being increasingly used in robot control, most applications are hand-tuned for a specific task and it is acknowledged in the field that generic methods and design principles for creating individual networks for a given task are lacking. This study presents an approach where the connectivity and oscillatory parameters of a CPG network are determined by an evolutionary algorithm with fitness evaluations in a realistic simulation with accurate physics. We apply this technique to a five-link planar walking mechanism to demonstrate its feasibility and performance. In addition, to see whether results from simulation can be acceptably transferred to real robot hardware, the best evolved CPG network is also tested on a real mechanism. Our results also confirm that the biologically inspired CPG model is well suited for legged locomotion, since a diverse manifestation of networks have been observed to succeed in fitness simulations during evolution.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures; substantial revision of content, organization, and quantitative result

Stomatal Density and its Relationship with Yield of Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) Fertilized with Biol Produced from Sugar Cane Residues

The impact of agro-industrial waste can be reduced by using it in crop fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stomatal density and yield of radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) fertilized with biol at different concentrations, produced from sugar cane residues. A completely randomized blocks design statistical model was used, which consisted of 5 tests with 3 repetitions for each one, being T1 the control trial, and T2, T3, T4 and T5 the treatments using 2, 3, 4 and 5 L of biol in 200 L of water respectively. In terms of crop physical characteristics, the T5 treatment excelled in plant length, equatorial diameter, plant weight, as well as yield with 12.71 t/ha. Likewise, in the chemical analysis of the radish leaves, the T5 treatment showed an increase in K, Ca, Zn and MN, while the T2 did it in N, P and Cu, the T3 in Fe and the T4 in Mg. In terms of stomatal density, T5 stood out with 122 stomatal/mm2. Based on this, it is concluded that the increase in the dose of biol influences the increase in nutrient and stomatal density and hence the yield of the radish crop

Thioglycosides Are Efficient Metabolic Decoys of Glycosylation that Reduce Selectin Dependent Leukocyte Adhesion

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Small-molecule inhibitors of glycosylation can be applied in basic science studies, and clinical investigations as anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, and anti-viral therapies. This article demonstrates that thioglycosides represent a class of potent metabolic decoys that resist hydrolysis, and block E-selectin-dependent leukocyte adhesion in models of inflammation

Single hadron response measurement and calorimeter jet energy scale uncertainty with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The uncertainty on the calorimeter energy response to jets of particles is derived for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First, the calorimeter response to single isolated charged hadrons is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo simulation using proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of sqrt(s) = 900 GeV and 7 TeV collected during 2009 and 2010. Then, using the decay of K_s and Lambda particles, the calorimeter response to specific types of particles (positively and negatively charged pions, protons, and anti-protons) is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo predictions. Finally, the jet energy scale uncertainty is determined by propagating the response uncertainty for single charged and neutral particles to jets. The response uncertainty is 2-5% for central isolated hadrons and 1-3% for the final calorimeter jet energy scale.Comment: 24 pages plus author list (36 pages total), 23 figures, 1 table, submitted to European Physical Journal