Le contrat en travail social : fondements éthiques et opérationnalité

Alors que la pratique d'un contrat exigé par les dispositifs d'action sociale tend à se développer (aides au logement, jeunes majeurs, hébergement...), il n'est pas inutile de nous interroger sur les fondements du contrat en travail social et de nous rappeler les principes éthiques et l'intérêt opérationnel de cet outil. C'est le but de cet article qui se propose de définir ce qu'est le contrat, son intérêt et sa place dans la méthodologie professionnelle des travailleurs sociaux. Comme il s'agit d'une technique dont l'utilisation se révèle parfois peu aisée, nous traiterons des difficultés les plus courantes. Enfin, nous aborderons les fondements étiques du contrat en travail social et plus particulièrement les notions d'autonomie et d'acceptation du client, de confiance et d'engagement réciproques.While the practice of a contract as required by the mechanisms of social action tends to develop (housing support, help to young adults, sheltering…), it is worth asking ourselves about the foundation of the contract in social work and to recall the ethical principles as well as the operational interest of this tool. The purpose of the present article is to explain what a contract is, and what its interest and its place are within the social workers' professional methodology. Since the use of this technique is sometimes uneasy, we will concentrate on the more usual difficulties. Finally, we will tackle the ethical basis of a contract in social work, and more specifically the notions of autonomy and acceptance of a client, of mutual trust and involvement

Human Rights, guiding principles for the practice of Social Work

Los derechos humanos son esenciales en el trabajo social, ellos dan las bases de la concepción misma de la profesión e influyen cotidianamente en la práctica. El retorno actual a una interrogación ética muestra a qué punto nos es necesario revisitar los fundamentos, recordarnos las bases y tomar apoyo en ellos para llevar adelante una labor difícil y comprometida. Revisitar los valores que sostienen la práctica y le dan sentido en este contexto es hoy en día primordial. En este articulo, propongo reflexionar sobre tres puntos. El primero trata de los derechos humanos como formando parte inseparable del trabajo social, veremos los valores humanistas y democráticos y los principios operatorios de la relación de ayuda. El segundo presenta el concepto de persona como finalidad del trabajo social, la definición del concepto y las orientaciones actuales hacia una mayor participación de los usuarios. El tercero esbozará los caminos que llevan de los principios de los derechos humanos a la práctica profesional: cambiar de mirada, movilizar recursos y crear nuevas posibilidades.Human rights are essential in social work, they give the bases of the same conception of the profession and influence practice every day. The current return to an ethical interrogation shows us that it is necessary to revisit the basics, remind us of the bases and take support on them to carry out a difficult and committed work. Revisit the values that sustain the practice and give sense in this context is today essential. In this article, I propose to reflect on three points. The first is human rights as forming an inseparable part of social work, we will see the humanist and democratic values and operative principles of the helping relationship. The second introduces the concept of person as the purpose of social work, the definition of the concept and the current guidelines towards a greater participation of users. The third outlines the roads leading from the principles of human rights to professional practice: change our look, mobilize resources and create new possibilities

Los Derechos Humanos, principios orientadores de la práctica del trabajo social

Human rights are essential in social work, they give the bases of the same conception of the profession and influence practice every day. The current return to an ethical interrogation shows us that it is necessary to revisit the basics, remind us of the bases and take support on them to carry out a difficult and committed work. Revisit the values that sustain the practice and give sense in this context is today essential. In this article, I propose to reflect on three points. The first is human rights as forming an inseparable part of social work, we will see the humanist and democratic values and operative principles of the helping relationship. The second introduces the concept of person as the purpose of social work, the definition of the concept and the current guidelines towards a greater participation of users. The third outlines the roads leading from the principles of human rights to professional practice: change our look, mobilize resources and create new possibilities.Los derechos humanos son esenciales en el trabajo social, ellos dan las bases de la concepción misma de la profesión e influyen cotidianamente en la práctica. El retorno actual a una interrogación ética muestra a qué punto nos es necesario revisitar los fundamentos, recordarnos las bases y tomar apoyo en ellos para llevar adelante una labor difícil y comprometida. Revisitar los valores que sostienen la práctica y le dan sentido en este contexto es hoy en día primordial. En este articulo, propongo reflexionar sobre tres puntos. El primero trata de los derechos humanos como formando parte inseparable del trabajo social, veremos los valores humanistas y democráticos y los principios operatorios de la relación de ayuda. El segundo presenta el concepto de persona como finalidad del trabajo social, la definición del concepto y las orientaciones actuales hacia una mayor participación de los usuarios. El tercero esbozará los caminos que llevan de los principios de los derechos humanos a la práctica profesional: cambiar de mirada, movilizar recursos y crear nuevas posibilidades.

Función y profesionalidad del trabajo social

Desde su surgimiento a fines del siglo XIX, la historia del Trabajo Social francés nos muestra períodos de creación y de transformación de la profesión. Durante las guerras del siglo XX los trabajadores sociales desplegaron capacidad de adaptación y de resistencia en esos períodos tan difíciles, sometidos a tensiones y decisiones éticas importantes.Después de Mayo del 68, el Trabajo Social fué criticado y analizado en términos de normalización y de control de la población, en su rol, según Althuser, de “aparato ideológico de Estado”. Pero el trabajo social asume también otras funciones, puesto que el costo del sufrimiento social es importante tanto en el plano económico que humano. Los trabajadores sociales invierten esfuerzo en mejorar las condiciones de vida de las personas y de los grupos y en luchar por mayor justicia social.El Trabajo Social enfrenta presiones contradictorias que debe asumir apoyándose en los valores éticos, en la deontología y en sus conocimientos teóricos y prácticos. Puede entonces articular las tres dimensiones del saber, saber hacer y saber ser (savoir, savoir faire, savoir être).La profesionalidad se construye en tensión constante entre las fuerzas internas y externas, entre los elementos de permanencia y los de cambi

New Light in Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies: The PMAS Integral Field View of the Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy Mrk 409

We present an integral field spectroscopic study of the central 2x2 kpc^2 of the blue compact dwarf galaxy Mrk 409, observed with the Potsdam MultiAperture Spectrophotometer. This study focuses on the morphology, two-dimensional chemical abundance pattern, excitation properties and kinematics of the ionized interstellar medium in the starburst component. We also investigate the nature of the extended ring of ionized gas emission surrounding the bright nuclear starburst region of Mrk 409. PMAS spectra of selected regions along the ring, interpreted with evolutionary and population synthesis models, indicate that their ionized emission is mainly due to a young stellar population with a total mass of ~1.5x10^6 M_sun, which started forming almost coevally ~10 Myr ago. This stellar component is likely confined to the collisional interface of a spherically expanding, starburst-driven super-bubble with denser, swept-up ambient gas, ~600 pc away from the central starburst nucleus. The spectroscopic properties of the latter imply a large extinction (C_H-beta>0.9), and the presence of an additional non-thermal ionization source, most likely a low-luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus. Mrk 409 shows a relatively large oxygen abundance (12+log(O/H)~8.4) and no chemical abundance gradients out to R~600 pc. The ionized gas kinematics displays an overall regular rotation on a northwest-southwest axis, with a maximum velocity of 60 km/s; the total mass inside the star-forming ring is about 1.4x10^9 M_sun.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

An Oxygen Abundance Gradient into the Outer Disk of M81

The extended HI disk and tidal tails of M81 present an interesting environment to study the effects of galaxy interaction on star formation and chemical evolution of the outer disk of a large spiral galaxy. We present H{\alpha} imaging of the outer disk of M81 and luminosities for 40 HII regions out to about 3 times the optical radius. We have also obtained MMT spectra for 21 HII regions out to more than twice the optical radius. We derive strong line oxygen abundances for all HII regions using R_{23} based and [NII]/[OII] based calibrations and electron temperature abundances for seven regions spanning a galactocentric distance between 5.7 and 32 kpc. We also comment on the abundances of HII regions near KDG 61 and the "tidal dwarf" candidate HoIX. Our results constitute the most radially extended metallicity study for M81 to date. With this extended data set, we find an overall oxygen abundance gradient of -0.013 dex/kpc over the entire radial range. This is significantly flatter than what has been found in previous studies which were limited to the optical disk. From our temperature based abundances, we find a gradient of -0.020 dex/kpc and present the possibility of a broken gradient from these data, but note the need to obtain more temperature based abundances at intermediate galactocentric distances (~10-20 kpc) to verify whether or not this may be the case. We discuss our main result of a rather flat gradient for M81 in the context of simulations and observations of abundance gradients in other galaxies. We find that the shallow abundance gradient of M81 is likely a result of the interaction history of this galaxy.Comment: 41 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19.

Objectives To evaluate the strength of association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Methods Secondary analysis of a multinational, cohort study on all consecutive pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 from 73 centers from 22 different countries. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as a positive result on real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. The primary outcome was a composite adverse fetal outcome, defined as the presence of either abortion (pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestations), stillbirth (intrauterine fetal death after 22 weeks of gestation), neonatal death (death of a live-born infant within the first 28 days of life), and perinatal death (either stillbirth or neonatal death). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters independently associated with the primary outcome. Logistic regression was reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.6+/-9.5 weeks, with 8.0% of women being diagnosed in the first, 22.2% in the second and 69.8% in the third trimester of pregnancy. There were six miscarriage (2.3%), six intrauterine device (IUD) (2.3) and 5 (2.0%) neonatal deaths, with an overall rate of perinatal death of 4.2% (11/265), thus resulting into 17 cases experiencing and 226 not experiencing composite adverse fetal outcome. Neither stillbirths nor neonatal deaths had congenital anomalies found at antenatal or postnatal evaluation. Furthermore, none of the cases experiencing IUD had signs of impending demise at arterial or venous Doppler. Neonatal deaths were all considered as prematurity-related adverse events. Of the 250 live-born neonates, one (0.4%) was found positive at RT-PCR pharyngeal swabs performed after delivery. The mother was tested positive during the third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn was asymptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test after 14 days of life. At logistic regression analysis, gestational age at diagnosis (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.8-0.9 per week increase; pPeer reviewe