339 research outputs found
Evolution of priorities in strategic funding for collaborative health research. A comparison of the European Union Framework Programmes to the program funding by the United States National Institutes of Health
The historical research-funding model, based on the curiosity and academic
interests of researchers, is giving way to new strategic funding models that
seek to meet societal needs. We investigated the impact of this trend on health
research funded by the two leading funding bodies worldwide, i.e. the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, and the framework programs of
the European Union (EU). To this end, we performed a quantitative analysis of
the content of projects supported through programmatic funding by the EU and
NIH, in the period 2008-2014 and 2015-2020. We used machine learning for
classification of projects as basic biomedical research, or as more
implementation directed clinical therapeutic research, diagnostics research,
population research, or policy and management research. In addition, we
analyzed funding for major disease areas (cancer, cardio-metabolic and
infectious disease). We found that EU collaborative health research projects
clearly shifted towards more implementation research. In the US, the recently
implemented UM1 program has a similar profile with strong clinical therapeutic
research, while other NIH programs remain heavily oriented to basic biomedical
research. Funding for cancer research is present across all NIH and EU
programs, and in biomedical as well as more implementation directed projects,
while infectious diseases is an emerging theme. We conclude that demand for
solutions for medical needs leads to expanded funding for implementation- and
impact-oriented research. Basic biomedical research remains present in programs
driven by scientific initiative and strategies based on excellence, but may be
at risk of declining funding opportunities
Funding CRISPR: Understanding the role of government and philanthropic institutions in supporting academic research within the CRISPR innovation system
CRISPR/Cas has the potential to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and
biology. Understanding the trajectory of innovation, how it is influenced and
who pays for it, is an essential research policy question, especially as US
government support for research experiences a relative decline. We use a new
method -- based on funding sources identified in publications' funding
acknowledgements -- to map the networks involved in supporting key stages of
highly influential research, namely basic biological research and technology
development. We present a model of co-funding networks at the two most
prominent institutions for CRISPR/Cas research, the University of California
and the Harvard/MIT/Broad Institute, to illuminate how philanthropic and
charitable organizations have articulated with US government agencies to
co-finance the discovery and development of CRISPR/Cas. We mapped foundational
US government support to both stages of CRISPR/Cas research at both
institutions, while philanthropic organizations have concentrated in co-funding
CRISPR/Cas technology development as opposed to basic biological research. This
is particularly true for the Broad/Harvard/MIT system, where philanthropic
investment clustered around particular technological development themes. These
network models raise fundamental questions about the role of the state and the
influence of philanthropy over the trajectory of transformative technologies.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figure
The emergence and evolution of the research fronts in HIV/AIDS research
In this paper, we have identified and analyzed the emergence, structure and
dynamics of the paradigmatic research fronts that established the fundamentals
of the biomedical knowledge on HIV/AIDS. A search of papers with the
identifiers "HIV/AIDS", "Human Immunodeficiency Virus", "HIV-1" and "Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome" in the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), was carried
out. A citation network of those papers was constructed. Then, a sub-network of
the papers with the highest number of inter-citations (with a minimal in-degree
of 28) was selected to perform a combination of network clustering and text
mining to identify the paradigmatic research fronts and analyze their dynamics.
Thirteen research fronts were identified in this sub-network. The biggest and
oldest front is related to the clinical knowledge on the disease in the
patient. Nine of the fronts are related to the study of specific molecular
structures and mechanisms and two of these fronts are related to the
development of drugs. The rest of the fronts are related to the study of the
disease at the cellular level. Interestingly, the emergence of these fronts
occurred in successive "waves" over the time which suggest a transition in the
paradigmatic focus. The emergence and evolution of the biomedical fronts in
HIV/AIDS research is explained not just by the partition of the problem in
elements and interactions leading to increasingly specialized communities, but
also by changes in the technological context of this health problem and the
dramatic changes in the epidemiological reality of HIV/AIDS that occurred
between 1993 and 1995
Measurement of the cross-section of high transverse momentum vector bosons reconstructed as single jets and studies of jet substructure in pp collisions at âs = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector
This paper presents a measurement of the cross-section for high transverse momentum W and Z bosons produced in pp collisions and decaying to all-hadronic final states. The data used in the analysis were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of âs = 7 TeV;{\rm Te}{\rm V}4.6\;{\rm f}{{{\rm b}}^{-1}}{{p}_{{\rm T}}}\gt 320\;{\rm Ge}{\rm V}|\eta |\lt 1.9{{\sigma }_{W+Z}}=8.5\pm 1.7$ pb and is compared to next-to-leading-order calculations. The selected events are further used to study jet grooming techniques
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