Funding CRISPR: Understanding the role of government and philanthropic
institutions in supporting academic research within the CRISPR innovation
system
CRISPR/Cas has the potential to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and
biology. Understanding the trajectory of innovation, how it is influenced and
who pays for it, is an essential research policy question, especially as US
government support for research experiences a relative decline. We use a new
method -- based on funding sources identified in publications' funding
acknowledgements -- to map the networks involved in supporting key stages of
highly influential research, namely basic biological research and technology
development. We present a model of co-funding networks at the two most
prominent institutions for CRISPR/Cas research, the University of California
and the Harvard/MIT/Broad Institute, to illuminate how philanthropic and
charitable organizations have articulated with US government agencies to
co-finance the discovery and development of CRISPR/Cas. We mapped foundational
US government support to both stages of CRISPR/Cas research at both
institutions, while philanthropic organizations have concentrated in co-funding
CRISPR/Cas technology development as opposed to basic biological research. This
is particularly true for the Broad/Harvard/MIT system, where philanthropic
investment clustered around particular technological development themes. These
network models raise fundamental questions about the role of the state and the
influence of philanthropy over the trajectory of transformative technologies.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figure