U.S. Youth Attitudes on Guns

More than 3,500 children and teens are shot and killed each year, 15,000 are shot and injured and an estimated 3 million are exposed to shootings (CDC, 2021; Everytown for Gun Safety, 2021a; Everytown for Gun Safety, 2021b). But there has been very little research exploring how young people feel about guns, what level of access they have to firearms and what shapes their attitudes toward gun ownership and gun violence. Given what we know about the nexus between gun violence and extremist ideologies (Everytown for Gun Safety, 2021c) and the staggering increase in gun sales during the COVID-19 pandemic (Miller, Zhang, & Azrael, 2021), understanding young people's views about the role of guns in society and their lives is of great importance.To explore these topics and more, Everytown for Gun Safety, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) and the Polarization & Extremism Research & Innovation Lab (PERIL) came together to study youth attitudes through: 1) a mixed-methods coding and analysis of online gun-related content in order to assess prominent gun narratives; 2) a quantitative survey using a U.S. national sample of 4,156 youth aged 14-30 and 3) an ongoing (as of January 2023, n = 38) qualitative phase of focus groups/interviews with people aged 14-30 recruited from the survey. We asked more than 4,100 young Americans between the ages of 14 and 30 questions abouttheir access to guns, how safe they feel, their experiences with gun violence, their political views, the media they consume and how they think about male supremacy, racial resentment and the Second Amendment, among other topics. We are conducting ongoing focus groups to further explore how all of these attitudes combine to form the prism through which young people view our country's gun violence crisis.The result is the following report, which provides groundbreaking, first-of-its-kind insights into how young Americans think about and use guns and the ways in which some come to view guns as a "socially imaginable" (Blanchfield, 2022) solution to everyday grievances and frustrations

Prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing Escherichia coli among hospitalized and outpatient children in Shohada Hospital in Qaen during 2017-2018

Background: Antibiotic resistance in pathogens, especially Escherichia coli, has become a major treatment issue. One of the most common resistance mechanisms is the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes. Given the importance of the ESBL-producing bacteria, it is necessary to determine their prevalence in each region. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in pediatric hospitalized patients and outpatients in Shohada Hospital in Qaen city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 223 samples of E. coli obtained from two groups of hospitalized patients and outpatients in Shohada Hospital in Qaen city. To confirm the E. coli strains, selective culture media and biochemical tests were used. The antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was determined by the disk diffusion method, and detection of the ESBL phenotype strains was performed by the combined disk method. Results: The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli was 30. Also, the prevalence rates of ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitalized patients and outpatients were 50 and 24.4, respectively. The ESBL strains showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone, cefexime, cefazolin and cefotaxime antibiotics, and the least resistance to nitrofurantoin and amikacin. Conclusion: The findings show a higher prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients, which indicates a wide spread of antibiotic-resistant strains in hospitals. Therefore, continuous monitoring and rapid identification of these strains can play an important role in preventing the spread of ESBL genes

Hutchison Medallist 1. Wave-Dominated to Tide-Dominated Coastal Systems: A Unifying Model for Tidal Shorefaces and Refinement of the Coastal- Environments Classification Scheme

Coastal depositional systems are normally classified based on the relative input of wave, tide, and river processes. While wave- through to river-dominated environments are well characterized, environments along the wave-to-tide continuum are relatively poorly understood and this limits the reliability and utility of coastal classification schemes. Two tidal shoreface models, open-coast tidal flats (OCTF) and tidally modulated shorefaces (TMS), have been introduced for mixed wave-tide coastal settings. Following nearly two decades of research on tidal shorefaces, a number of significant insights have been derived, and these data are used here to develop a unified model for such systems. First, OCTFs are components of larger depositional environments, and in multiple published examples, OCTFs overlie offshore to lower shoreface successions that are similar to TMS. Consequently, we combine OCTFs and TMSs into a single tidal shoreface model where TMS (as originally described) and TMS-OCTF successions are considered as variants along the wave-tide continuum. Second, tidal shoreface successions are preferentially preserved in low- to moderate-wave energy environments and in progradational to aggradational systems. It is probably difficult to distinguish tidal shorefaces from their storm-dominated counterparts. Third, tidal shorefaces, including both TMSs and OCTFs, should exhibit tidally modulated storm deposits, reflecting variation in storm-wave energy at the sea floor resulting from the rising and falling tide. They may also exhibit interbedding of tidally generated structures (e.g. double mud drapes or bidirectional current ripples), deposited under fairweather conditions, and storm deposits (e.g. hummocky cross-stratification) through the lower shoreface and possibly into the upper shoreface.The development of the tidal shoreface model sheds light on the limitations of the presently accepted wave-tide-river classification scheme of coastal environments and a revised scheme is presented. In particular, tidal flats are components of larger depositional systems and can be identified in the rock record only in settings where intertidal and supratidal deposits are preserved; consequently, they should not represent the tide-dominated end-member of coastal systems. Instead, we suggest that tide-dominated embayments should occupy this apex. Tide-dominated embayments exhibit limited wave and river influence and include a wide range of geomorphological features typically associated with tidal processes, including tidal channels, bars and flats.Les systèmes de dépôts côtiers sont normalement classés en fonction de l’apport relatif des processus liés à la houle, aux marées et aux rivières. Si les environnements dominés par la houle et les rivières sont bien caractérisés, les environnements le long du continuum houle-marée sont relativement mal compris, ce qui limite la fiabilité et l’utilité des systèmes de classification des côtes. Deux modèles d’avant-plages tidales, les estrans ouverts (open-coast tidal flats; OCTF) et les avant-plages modulées par la marée (tidally modulated shoreface; TMS), ont été introduits pour les milieux côtiers mixtes, houle-marée. Suite à près de deux décennies de recherche sur les avant-plages tidales, un certain nombre d’informations importantes ont été obtenues et ces données sont utilisées ici pour développer un modèle unifié pour ces systèmes. Tout d’abord, les OCTF sont les composants de systèmes de dépôt plus vastes et, dans de nombreux exemples publiés, les OCTF recouvrent des successions sédimentaires allant du large à l’avant-plage inférieure, similaires à celle des TMS. Par conséquent, nous combinons les OCTF et les TMS en un seul modèle d’avant-plage tidale où les TMS (tel que décrit à l’origine) et les successions TMS-OCTF sont considérés comme des variantes le long du continuum houle-marée. Deuxièmement, les successions d’avant-plages tidales sont préférentiellement préservées dans des environnements ayant une houle faible à modérée et dans des systèmes progradant et aggradant. Il est probablement difficile de distinguer les avant-plages tidales de leurs homologues dominés par les tempêtes. Troisièmement, les avant-plages tidales, incluant à la fois les TMS et les OCTF devraient présenter des dépôts de tempête modulés par la marée, reflétant ainsi la variation de l’énergie des vagues de tempête sur le fond marin liée à la marée montante et descendante. Les avant-plages tidales peuvent également présenter une interstratification de structures générées par la marée (par exemple, des doubles drapages argileux ou des rides de courants bidirectionnelles) déposées pendant des conditions de beau temps, et des dépôts de tempête (par exemple, des stratifications en mamelons) au niveau de l’avant-plage inférieure et éventuellement de l’avant-plage supérieure.Le développement du modèle d’avant-plage tidale met en lumière les limites de la classification tripartite (houle-marée-rivière) des environnements côtiers actuellement acceptée et une classification révisée est présentée. En particulier, les OCTF et les estrans sont des composantes de systèmes dedépôt plus importants et ne peuvent être identifiés que dans le registre sédimentaire dans les milieux où les dépôts intertidaux et supratidaux sont préservés; par conséquent, ils ne devraient pas représenter le membre extrême des systèmes côtiers dominé par la marée. Nous suggérons plutôt que les baies dominées par la marée occupent cette place. Les baies dominées par les marées présentent une influence limitée des vagues et des rivières et comprennent un large éventail de caractéristiques géomorphologiques généralement associées aux processus de marée, notamment des chenaux, des barres et des platiers tidaux

The Effect of Rhythmic Movements on Mild Anxiety in Children of 7 to 12 Years Old with Cancer

 Background and Aim: Cancer is a chronic childhood disease with many unpleasant psychological consequences such as anxiety. The study conducted to assess the effect of rhythmic movement on mild anxiety of children with cancer.Material and Methods: This study was a Quasi-experimental study. The study population included all children aged 7 to 12 years old diagnosed with cancer who were hospitalized in oncology ward of a pediatrics hospital affiliated with Shahidbeheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Sampling was through convenient sampling and based on the inclusion criteria. 31 children with mild anxiety chosen according to ʺSpielberger Anxiety Inventoryʺ were recruited. Rhythmic movements with hip-hop style along with playing music performed in the playing room for 45 minutes during 6 sessions. Questionnaires were recompleted on the final day of intervention (sixth day) and 3 weeks later through reading the items for children and filling by researcher. Data analyzed using SPSS V.18 by repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: The results showed significant differences between the mean values of anxiety (P<0.05) score before intervention and at the end of day 6 and weeks 3.Conclusion: Rhythmic movements as a non pharmacologic intervention reduce mild anxiety in children with cancer. It is recommended that nurses use non pharmacological approaches such as rhythmic movements to reduce the psychological effects of cancer instead of using drugs

Atmospheric monitoring for the Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Project using open path laser technology

AbstractThis study aimed to assess remote sensing methods using open path laser technology as a tool for atmospheric monitoring of CO2 storage sites. CH4 and CO2 open path detection systems were tested at the Penn West Pembina Cardium CO2 enhanced oil recovery monitoring pilot. The tested CH4 detection system was found to be very sensitive and small increases in the gas concentration due to controlled releases were easily distinguishable. The detection capability of the CO2 detection system was impacted by the larger natural background concentration of CO2. Where possible, CH4 should be used as an indicator due to the better detection capabilities and smaller background concentration variations compared to CO2

The Body in Isolation: The Physical Health Impacts of Incarceration in Solitary Confinement

We examine how solitary confinement correlates with self-reported adverse physical health outcomes, and how such outcomes extend the understanding of the health disparities associated with incarceration. Using a mixed methods approach, we find that solitary confinement is associated not just with mental, but also with physical health problems. Given the disproportionate use of solitary among incarcerated people of color, these symptoms are most likely to affect those populations. Drawing from a random sample of prisoners (n = 106) in long-term solitary confinement in the Washington State Department of Corrections in 2017, we conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) assessments; and systematic reviews of medical and disciplinary files for these subjects. We also conducted a paper survey of the entire long-term solitary confinement population (n = 225 respondents) and analyzed administrative data for the entire population of prisoners in the state in 2017 (n = 17,943). Results reflect qualitative content and descriptive statistical analysis. BPRS scores reflect clinically significant somatic concerns in 15% of sample. Objective specification of medical conditions is generally elusive, but that, itself, is a highly informative finding. Using subjective reports, we specify and analyze a range of physical symptoms experienced in solitary confinement: (1) skin irritations and weight fluctuation associated with the restrictive conditions of solitary confinement; (2) un-treated and mis-treated chronic conditions associated with the restrictive policies of solitary confinement; (3) musculoskeletal pain exacerbated by both restrictive conditions and policies. Administrative data analyses reveal disproportionate rates of racial/ethnic minorities in solitary confinement. This analysis raises the stakes for future studies to evaluate comparative prevalence of objective medical diagnoses and potential causal mechanisms for the physical symptoms specified here, and for understanding differential use of solitary confinement and its medically harmful sequelae

Insolation-paced sea level and sediment flux during the early Pleistocene in Southeast Asia

Global marine archives from the early Pleistocene indicate that glacial-interglacial cycles, and their corresponding sea-level cycles, have predominantly a periodicity of ~ 41 kyrs driven by Earth’s obliquity. Here, we present a clastic shallow-marine record from the early Pleistocene in Southeast Asia (Cholan Formation, Taiwan). The studied strata comprise stacked cyclic successions deposited in offshore to nearshore environments in the paleo-Taiwan Strait. The stratigraphy was compared to both a δ18O isotope record of benthic foraminifera and orbital parameters driving insolation at the time of deposition. Analyses indicate a strong correlation between depositional cycles and Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, which is precession-dominated with an obliquity component. Our results represent geological evidence of precession-dominated sea-level fluctuations during the early Pleistocene, independent of a global ice-volume proxy. Preservation of this signal is possible due to the high-accommodation creation and high-sedimentation rate in the basin enhancing the completeness of the stratigraphic record

Resolving the Architecture and Early Evolution of a Forearc Basin (Georgia Basin, Canada) Using Detrital Zircon

Convergent-margin basins (CMBs) are commonly associated with active arcs, and hence are rich in detrital zircon (DZ) whose ages closely reflect the timing of deposition. Consequently, maximum depositional ages (MDA) from DZ geochronology can be employed to resolve the stratigraphy and evolution of CMBs. Herein, we use DZ to revise the internal architecture of the lower Nanaimo Group, which partially comprises the fill of the (forearc) Georgia (or Nanaimo) Basin. Maximum depositional ages and multi-dimensional scaling of DZ age distributions are employed to determine chronologic equivalency of strata and assess sediment provenance variability within the pre-existing lithostratigraphic framework. The results are compared to a recently developed sequence stratigraphic framework for the lower Nanaimo Group. The basal lithostratigraphic unit of the Nanaimo Group, the Comox Formation (Fm), comprises strata that are neither time correlative nor genetically related. The three lithostratigraphic units directly overlying the Comox Fm (Haslam, Extension, and Protection formations) comprise strata with similar genetic affinities and MDAs that indicate deposition of these units was not always sequential and locally was contemporaneous. Through this work, we provide an example of how MDAs from DZ geochronology in CMBs can resolve basin-scale stratigraphic relations, and identify chronological changes in sediment provenance

Decoupling seasonal fluctuations in fluvial discharge from the tidal signature in ancient deltaic deposits: an example from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fluvial discharge fluctuations are a fundamental characteristic of almost all modern rivers and can produce distinctive deposits that are rarely described from ancient fluvial or mixed-energy successions. Large-scale outcrops from the Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation (Argentina) expose a well-constrained stratigraphic succession of marginal-marine deposits with a strong fluvial influence and well-known tidal indicators. The studied deposits show decimetre-scale interbedding of coarser- and finer-grained facies with mixed fluvial and tidal affinities. The alternation of these two types of beds forms non-cyclic successions that are interpreted to be the result of seasonal variation in river discharge, rather than regular and predictable changes in current velocity caused by tides. Seasonal bedding is present in bar deposits that form within or at the mouth of minor and major channels. Seasonal bedding is not preserved in channel thalweg deposits, where river flood processes were too powerful, or in floodplain, muddy interdistributary-bay, prodelta and transgressive deposits, where the river signal was weak and sporadic. The identification of sedimentary facies characteristic of seasonal river discharge variations is important for accurate interpretation of ancient deltaic process regime

The Miocene – Pliocene boundary and the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the easternmost Mediterranean: insights from the Hatay Graben (Southern Turkey).

The Hatay Graben is one of three easternmost basins in the Mediterranean that preserve sediments that span the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, including gypsums from the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). Here we integrate existing data and present new sedimentological and micropalaeontological data to investigate the palaeoenvironments of late Miocene to early Pliocene deposits and place this important area into a regional stratigraphic framework. Six sections are described along a ~ W – E transect illustrating the key features of this time period. Late Miocene (Pre-MSC) sediments are characterised by open marine marls with a benthic foraminiferal fauna suggestive of water depths of 100 – 200 m or less. Primary lower gypsum deposits are determined to be absent from the graben as sedimentological and strontium isotopes are characteristic of the resedimented lower gypsums. The intervening Messinian erosion surface is preserved near the basin margins as an unconformity but appears to be a correlative conformity in the basin depocentre. No Upper Gypsums or ‘Lago–Mare’ facies have been identified but available data do tentatively suggest a return to marine conditions in the basin prior to the Zanclean boundary. Sediments stratigraphically overlying the Messinian gypsums and marls are coarse-grained sandstones from coastal and Gilbert-type delta depositional environments. The Hatay Graben is not only strikingly similar to Messinian basins on nearby Cyprus but also to the overall model for the MSC, demonstrating the remarkable consistency of palaeoenvironments found in marginal basins across the region at this time