Constitutional Law—Equal Protection and Due Process of Law—Appeal by Indigents

Constitutional Law—Equal Protection and Due Process of Law—Appeal by Indigents (Griffin v. Illinois, U.S. 1956

Estimation of Local Mean Population Densities of Japanese Beetle Grubs (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera)

Insect populations tend to be patchy in distribution. Even when the mean population density is low, there may be local patches with high densities. As a result, estimates of mean populations may provide little information about the size or intensity of local patches within the sampled area. We compared the following 3 methods of estimating local population densities of insects: (1) with moving averages, a local mean population density is estimated as the mean of samples taken within a given radius of a central point, (2) with inverse distances, local means are estimated as weighted averages of samples; each sample is given a weight proportional to a power of the reciprocal of its distance from the center of the region for which the mean is to be estimated, (3) kriging is a geostatistical algorithm for estimating local means as weighted averages of samples. Weighting is based on the spatial covariance of the samples, or the degree to which samples that are near to each other are related. The first 2 methods are relatively easy to calculate but were unreliable when used with standard parameters to estimate local Japanese beetle grub densities. When an optimum radius was used with moving averages and an optimum exponent was used with inverse distances, the advantage of ease of calculation was lost, yet both methods were still inferior to kriging in providing accurate estimates of local mean

Industrial Security Clearance and Individual Freedom

Industrial Security Clearance and Individual Freedo

Forty years of carabid beetle research in Europe - from taxonomy, biology, ecology and population studies to bioindication, habitat assessment and conservation

Volume: 100Start Page: 55End Page: 14

Hyperoperation: Introduction To The Theory And Potential Solutions

We investigate the sequence of hyperoperations, which begins with addition, multiplication, andexponentiation. The nth hyperoperation is defined by iterating the previous operation. We address the problem of extending hyperoperations to non-integer values. We show existence of an analytic solution, and present several approaches to construction

Recent advances in applied spatial ecology: An efficient and flexible treatment decision-making protocol for Japanese beetle grubs on golf course fairways 1999

NYS IPM Type: Project ReportThe Japanese beetle is a major turfgrass pest in the eastern U.S. The grubs live under the soil and eat the roots of the grass, causing extensive damage when populations are dense. Damage can readily be prevented by applying insecticides such as imidacloprid (Merit or Grubex), bendiocarb (Turcam), or insect growth regulators (Mach II). However, such treatments can be expensive and environmentally hazardous. Fortunately, grub populations fluctuate from year to year, and grubs are often too scarce to cause significant damage. Substantial cost savings and environmental enhancement can readily be realized by limiting insecticide treatments to areas where grubs are abundant. To determine whether grub populations warrant treatment does require sampling the soil for grubs, but an entire golf course can be sampled for about $360 – about$40 less than treating a single fairway! Thus, a cost savings is realized if sampling reveals that even one fairway does not need treatment. Of course, any “DO NOT TREAT” recommendation must be reliable, because the primary goal is to avoid damage. A sampling plan that saves a few thousand dollars in treatment costs but results in the loss of a fairway to grub damage would not be worth much. That is why we have been so careful to develop a plan that is reliable – and flexible enough to satisfy the most risk averse superintendent as well as the most economy minded or environmentally sensitive. The plan is based on a cutting-edge, scientific analysis of the results of a long-term, intensive study of grub populations on golf course fairways in central New York. Although the science behind plan is sophisticated, the sampling plan itself is quite easy to use. In Part 1, the sampling plan is discussed. Part 2 is a brief discussion of the science and is not necessary to using the plan itself

Homeomorphisms of S1 and Factorization

For each n>0 there is a one complex parameter family of homeomorphisms of the circle consisting of linear fractional transformations "conjugated by z \to zn. We show that these families are free of relations, which determines the structure of "the group of homeomorphisms of finite type". We next consider factorization for more robust groups of homeomorphisms. We refer to this as root subgroup factorization (because the factors correspond to root subgroups). We are especially interested in how root subgroup factorization is related to triangular factorization (i.e., conformal welding) and correspondences between smoothness properties of the homeomorphisms and decay properties of the root subgroup parameters. This leads to interesting comparisons with Fourier series and the theory of Verblunsky coefficients.12 month embargo; published: 04 December 2019This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]