INFORMALIDAD ENCOLOMBIA. CAUSAS, EFECTOS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA ECONOMÍA DELREBUSQUE

El objetivo del presente trabajo es ahondar sobre el concepto de informalidad y sus implicaciones en la realidad nacional porque, aunque para el lector desprevenido pueda parecer un contrasentido, es más normal la informalidad que la formalidad. Por este importantísimo detalle se vuelve de suma trascendencia analizar cuáles son las características de un sector en el que, según las estadísticas, están la mayoría de los empleados de Colombia. Se evaluarán las definiciones y características del sector, para conocer tanto su comportamiento como sus determinantes, a fin de aplicar luego los conceptos al caso específico de Colombia.Informalidad

Selection of organisms for the co-evolution-based study of protein interactions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The prediction and study of protein interactions and functional relationships based on similarity of phylogenetic trees, exemplified by the <it>mirrortree </it>and related methodologies, is being widely used. Although dependence between the performance of these methods and the set of organisms used to build the trees was suspected, so far nobody assessed it in an exhaustive way, and, in general, previous works used as many organisms as possible. In this work we asses the effect of using different sets of organism (chosen according with various phylogenetic criteria) on the performance of this methodology in detecting protein interactions of different nature.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that the performance of three <it>mirrortree</it>-related methodologies depends on the set of organisms used for building the trees, and it is not always directly related to the number of organisms in a simple way. Certain subsets of organisms seem to be more suitable for the predictions of certain types of interactions. This relationship between type of interaction and optimal set of organism for detecting them makes sense in the light of the phylogenetic distribution of the organisms and the nature of the interactions.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In order to obtain an optimal performance when predicting protein interactions, it is recommended to use different sets of organisms depending on the available computational resources and data, as well as the type of interactions of interest.</p

Continuous monitoring of chlorophyll a fluorescence and microclimatic conditions reveals warming-induced physiological damage in biocrust-forming lichens

Purpose Biocrust communities, which are important regulators of multiple ecosystem functions in drylands, are highly sensitive to climate change. There is growing evidence of the negative impacts of warming on the performance of biocrust constituents like lichens in the field. Here, we aim to understand the physiological basis behind this pattern. Methods Using a unique manipulative climate change experiment, we monitored every 30 minutes and for 9 months the chlorophyll a fluorescence and microclimatic conditions (lichen surface temperature, relative moisture and photosynthetically active radiation) of Psora decipiens, a key biocrust constituent in drylands worldwide. This long-term monitoring resulted in 11,847 records at the thallus-level, which allowed us to evaluate the impacts of ~2.3 °C simulated warming treatment on the physiology of Psora at an unprecedented level of detail. Results Simulated warming and the associated decrease in relative moisture promoted by this treatment negatively impacted the physiology of Psora, especially during the diurnal period of the spring, when conditions are warmer and drier. These impacts were driven by a mechanism based on the reduction of the length of the periods allowing net photosynthesis, and by declines in Yield and Fv/Fm under simulated warming. Conclusion Our study reveals the physiological basis explaining observed negative impacts of ongoing global warming on biocrust-forming lichens in the field. The functional response observed could limit the growth and cover of biocrust-forming lichens in drylands in the long-term, negatively impacting in key soil attributes such as biogeochemical cycles, water balance, biological activity and ability of controlling erosion.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This research was funded by the European Research Council (ERC Grant Agreements 242658 [BIOCOM] and 647038 [BIODESERT] awarded to FTM). FTM and DSP also acknowledge support from Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041) and Comunidad de Madrid (REMEDINAL TE-CM, S2018/EMT-4338) respectively. JR, DSP and LGS acknowledge to research projects funded by the Spanish Government, CTM2015–64728-C2–1-R and PID2019-105469RB-C21 for providing financial support at different stages of the data analyses and manuscript development. EV was supported by the 2017 program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017-T2/ AMB-5406)

La innovación social y sustentabilidad para la gestión educativa territorial a nivel superior en Yucatán

Cada territorio vive problemáticas y situaciones complejas, desde conflictos socioambientales, hasta vulnerabilidad social y climática. La promoción de la innovación social y sustentabilidad dentro de las instituciones de educación superior permitiría construir una cultura de cocreación y corresponsabilidad, junto con las comunidades para alcanzar un desarrollo justo y sustentable. La identificación de necesidades socioambientales y sus posibles soluciones en el territorio, a través de la participación ciudadana y solidaridad es parte de la gestión educativa. Son las instituciones educativas de nivel superior los espacios sociales ideales para formar líderes con perspectivas y principios basados en el respeto, compromiso, sinergia, y colectividad. Por ello, este ensayo tiene el objetivo de examinar la complejidad que conlleva integrar la sustentabilidad y la innovación social en la gestión educativa territorial a nivel superior en el estado de Yucatán. Esta complejidad contempla desafíos en las políticas públicas, en los programas educativos, la formación de docentes y jóvenes líderes con enfoque en la sustentabilidad y la cohesión social. Nuevos paradigmas en la formación profesional, el diálogo de saberes y la investigación serán necesarios para lograr una transformación educativa en el territorio yucateco, mediante la innovación para el desarrollo regional sustentable

Plan de marketing estratégico para la empresa “Pigmento”

1. Capítulo I -- 1.1. Reseña histórica -- 1.2. Misión -- 1.3. Visión -- 1.4. Estructura organizacional -- 2. Objetivos -- 2.1. General -- 2.2. Específicos -- 3. Capitulo II -- 3.1. Análisis del macroentorno--. 3.1.1. Análisis del microentorno -- 3.1.2. Análisis interno -- 3.1.3. Matriz DOFA -- 3.1.4. Segmentación -- 3.1.5. Marketing mix -- 3.1.6. Estrategias de promoción -- 3.1.7. Estrategias de precio -- 4. Capitulo III -- 4.1. Objetivos de una estrategia de Branding -- 4.1.1. Análisis de competencia y escenarios estratégicos -- 4.1.2. Propuesta de valor -- 4.1.3. Mecanismos de evaluación de resultados -- 5. Capitulo IV--. 5.1. Modelo Sostac -- 5.1.1. DOFA -- 5.1.2. Objetivos plasmados -- 6. Capítulo V--. 6.1. Rango en que oscila el valor de los productos--. 6.1.1. Canal de distribución--. 6.1.2. Frecuencia con la que se adquiere un producto--. 6.1.3. Planes y medios de pago -- 6.1.4 Canal de comunicación--. 6.1.5. Fuerza de ventas y esquemas de remuneración -- 6.1.6. Metas y seguimiento -- Conclusiones -- Recomendaciones -- Bibliográfia -- Anexo

Rifampicin-induced thrombocytopenia

ABSTRACT: Rifampicin-induced thrombocytopenia is a rare but potentially fatal immune phenomenon. We report the case of an immunocompromised patient with disseminated tuberculosis who developed rifampicin-induced thrombocytopenia 12 hours after starting anti-tuberculous therapy without previous drug sensitization. The cause-effect relationship was confirmed when thrombocytopenia resolved with rifampicin suspension but later reappeared upon drug re-exposure.RESUMEN: La trombocitopenia inducida por rifampicina es un fenómeno de origen inmune cuya presentación es inusual pero potencialmente fatal. Se presenta el caso de un paciente inmunocomprometido y con tuberculosis diseminada quien desarrolló trombocitopenia inducida por rifampicina en las primeras 12 horas tras inicio de la terapia antituberculosa sin que mediara sensibilización previa al medicamento. Se confirmó la relación de causa-efecto al resolverse la trombocitopenia con la suspensión de la rifampicina y al reaparecer con la re-exposición al fármaco

Soil fungal abundance and plant functional traits drive fertile island formation in global drylands

Dryland vegetation is characterized by discrete plant patches that accumulate and capture soil resources under their canopies. These “fertile islands” are major drivers of dryland ecosystem structure and functioning, yet we lack an integrated understanding of the factors controlling their magnitude and variability at the global scale.EEA BarilocheFil: Ochoa-Hueso, Raúl. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Department of Ecology; EspañaFil: Eldridge, David J. University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; AustraliaFil: Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel. University of Colorado. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; Estados Unidos. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica; EspañaFil: Soliveres, Santiago. University of Bern. Institute of Plant Sciences; SuizaFil: Bowker, Matthew A. Northern Arizona University. School of Forestry; Estados UnidosFil: Gross, Nicolás. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica; España. Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Université La Rochelle. Centre d’étude biologique de Chizé; FranciaFil: Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica; EspañaFil: Quero, José L. Universidad de Córdoba. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes. Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal: EspañaFil: García-Gómez, Miguel. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica; EspañaFil: Valencia, Enrique. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica; EspañaFil: Arredondo, Tulio. Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica. División de Ciencias Ambientales; MéxicoFil: Beinticinco, Laura. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Bran, Donaldo Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Cea, Alex. Universidad de La Serena. Departamento de Biología; ChileFil: Coaguila, Daniel. Instituto de Ensino Superior de Rio Verde; BrasilFil: Dougill, Andrew J. University of Leeds. School of Earth and Environment; Gran BretañaFil: Espinosa, Carlos I. Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; EcuadorFil: Gaitan, Juan Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Guuroh, Reginald T. University of Cologne. Botanical Institute. Range Ecology and Range Management Group; Alemania. CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana; GhanaFil: Guzmán, Elizabeth. Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; EcuadorFil: Gutiérrez, Julio R.. Universidad de La Serena. Departamento de Biología; Chile. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA); Chile. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad; ChileFil: Hernández, Rosa M. Universidad Experimental Simón Rodríguez. Centro de Agroecología Tropical. Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica; VenezuelaFil: Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth. Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica. División de Ciencias Ambientales; MéxicoFil: Jeffries, Thomas. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; AustraliaFil: Linstädter, Anja. University of Cologne. Botanical Institute. Range Ecology and Range Management Group; AlemaniaFil: Mau, Rebecca L. Northern Arizona University. Center for Ecosystem Science and Society: Estados UnidosFil: Monerris, Jorge. Université du Québec à Montréal. Pavillon des Sciences Biologiques. Département des Sciences Biologiques; CanadáFil: Prina, Anibal. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Pucheta, Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Stavi, Ilan. Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, IsraelFil: Thomas, Andrew. Aberystwyth University. Department of Geography and Earth Sciences; Gran BretañaFil: Zaady, Eli. Agricultural Research Organization. Gilat Research Center. Natural Resources; IsraelFil: Singh, Brajesh K. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Australia. Western Sydney University. Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation; AustraliaFil: Maestre, Fernando T. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica; Españ

Soil fungal abundance and plant functional traits drive fertile island formation in global drylands

International audience1.Dryland vegetation is characterised by discrete plant patches that accumulate and capture soil resources under their canopies. These “fertile islands” are major drivers of dryland ecosystem structure and functioning, yet we lack an integrated understanding of the factors controlling their magnitude and variability at the global scale.2.We conducted a standardized field survey across two hundred and thirty-six drylands from five continents. At each site, we measured the composition, diversity and cover of perennial plants. Fertile island effects were estimated at each site by comparing composite soil samples obtained under the canopy of the dominant plants and in open areas devoid of perennial vegetation. For each sample, we measured fifteen soil variables (functions) associated with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and used the Relative Interaction Index to quantify the magnitude of the fertile island effect for each function. In eighty sites, we also measured fungal and bacterial abundance (quantitative PCR) and diversity (Illumina MiSeq).3.The most fertile islands, i.e. those where a higher number of functions were simultaneously enhanced, were found at lower-elevation sites with greater soil pH values and sand content under semiarid climates, particularly at locations where the presence of tall woody species with a low specific leaf area increased fungal abundance beneath plant canopies, the main direct biotic controller of the fertile island effect in the drylands studied. Positive effects of fungal abundance were particularly associated with greater nutrient contents and microbial activity (soil extracellular enzymes) under plant canopies.4.Synthesis. Our results show that the formation of fertile islands in global drylands largely depends on: (i) local climatic, topographic and edaphic characteristics, (ii) the structure and traits of local plant communities and (iii) soil microbial communities. Our study also has broad implications for the management and restoration of dryland ecosystems worldwide, where woody plants are commonly used as nurse plants to enhance the establishment and survival of beneficiary species. Finally, our results suggest that forecasted increases in aridity may enhance the formation of fertile islands in drylands worldwide

Genome-wide association study of Tourette Syndrome

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder that has one of the highest familial recurrence rates among neuropsychiatric diseases with complex inheritance. However, the identification of definitive TS susceptibility genes remains elusive. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of TS in 1285 cases and 4964 ancestry-matched controls of European ancestry, including two European-derived population isolates, Ashkenazi Jews from North America and Israel, and French Canadians from Quebec, Canada. In a primary meta-analysis of GWAS data from these European ancestry samples, no markers achieved a genome-wide threshold of significance (p<5 × 10−8); the top signal was found in rs7868992 on chromosome 9q32 within COL27A1 (p=1.85 × 10−6). A secondary analysis including an additional 211 cases and 285 controls from two closely-related Latin-American population isolates from the Central Valley of Costa Rica and Antioquia, Colombia also identified rs7868992 as the top signal (p=3.6 × 10−7 for the combined sample of 1496 cases and 5249 controls following imputation with 1000 Genomes data). This study lays the groundwork for the eventual identification of common TS susceptibility variants in larger cohorts and helps to provide a more complete understanding of the full genetic architecture of this disorder

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa