Proactive Inhibitory Control of Response as the Default State of Executive Control

Refraining from reacting does not only involve reactive inhibitory mechanisms. It was recently found that inhibitory control also relies strongly on proactive mechanisms. However, since most available studies have focused on reactive stopping, little is known about how proactive inhibition of response is implemented. Two behavioral experiments were conducted to identify the temporal dynamics of this executive function. They manipulated respectively the time during which inhibitory control must be sustained until a stimulus occurs, and the time limit allowed to set up inhibition before a stimulus occurs. The results show that inhibitory control is not set up after but before instruction, and is not transient and sporadic but sustained across time. Consistent with our previous neuroimaging findings, these results suggest that proactive inhibition of response is the default mode of executive control. This implies that top-down control of sensorimotor reactivity would consist of a temporary release (up to several seconds), when appropriate (when the environment becomes predictable), of the default locking state. This conclusion is discussed with regard to current anatomo-functional models of inhibitory control, and to methodological features of studies of attention and sensorimotor control

Rewards that are near increase impulsive action

International audienceIn modern society, the natural drive to behave impulsively in order to obtain rewards must often be curbed. A continued failure to do so is associated with a range of outcomes including drug abuse, pathological gambling, and obesity. Here, we used virtual reality technology to investigate whether spatial proximity to rewards has the power to exacerbate the drive to behave impulsively toward them. We embedded two behavioral tasks measuring distinct forms of impulsive behavior, impulsive action, and impulsive choice, within an environment rendered in virtual reality. Participants responded to three-dimensional cues representing food rewards located in either near or far space. Bayesian analyses revealed that participants were significantly less able to stop motor actions when rewarding cues were near compared with when they were far. Since factors normally associated with proximity were controlled for, these results suggest that proximity plays a distinctive role in driving impulsive actions for reward

Qarassa, un site du Bronze ancien et moyen en Syrie du Sud

A la suite d’une prospection régionale du plateau basaltique du Leja, le site de Qarassa a été choisi pour la fouille en raison de sa représentativité chronologique du Natoufien à l’âge du Fer qui en fait la première référence chronostratigraphique longue pour la zone basaltique. Le tell sud de Qarassa est occupé du milieu du IVe jusqu’au deuxième quart du Ier  millénaire. On propose ici une synthèse des résultats de la fouille des niveaux du Bronze ancien de cette agglomération fortifiée.Following the regional survey of the Leja’s basaltic plateau, the excavation of Qarassa was decided because this site occupied from the Natufian to the Iron Age becomes a major chrono-stratigraphic reference for the basaltic area of southern Syria. The southern tell at Qarassa is occupied from the mid 4th to the second quarter of the 1st mill. We give here a first synthesis of the excavation’s results about the Early Bronze Age fortified agglomeration.خلاصة – اثر عملية مسح الإفريز البازلتي في لجا وقع الإختيار على موقع القراصة لإجراء الحفريات بسبب تمثليته الزمنية للفترة الناتوفية خلال العصر الحديدي والتي تجعل منها أول مرجع زمني وطبقي للمنطقة البزلتية إن التل الجنوبي للقراصة مسكون منذ أواسط القرن القرن الرابع إلى الربع الثاني من الألفية الأولى ونقترح هنا تأليفا لنتائج الحفريات على مستوى العصر النحاسي لهذه المناطق السكنية المحصنة

A Raman spectroscopic study of arsenite and thioarsenite species in aqueous solution at 25°C

The Raman spectra of thioarsenite and arsenite species in aqueous solution were obtained at room temperature. Solutions at constant ΣAs + ΣS of 0.1 and 0.5 mol kg(-1 )were prepared with various ΣS/ΣAs ratios (0.1–9.0) and pH values (~7–13.2). Our data suggest that the speciation of As under the conditions investigated is more complicated than previously thought. The Raman measurements offer evidence for at least six separate S-bearing As species whose principal bands are centered near 365, 385, 390, 400, 415 and 420 cm(-1). The data suggest that at least two different species may give rise to bands at 385 cm(-1), bringing the probable minimum number of species to seven. Several additional species are possible but could not be resolved definitively. In general, the relative proportions of these species are dependent on total As concentration, ΣS/ΣAs ratio and pH. At very low ΣS/ΣAs ratios we also observe Raman bands attributable to the dissociation products of H(3)AsO(3)(aq). Although we were unable to assign precise stoichiometries for the various thioarsenite species, we were able to map out general pH and ΣS/ΣAs conditions under which the various thioarsenite and arsenite species are predominant. This study provides a basis for more detailed Raman spectroscopic and other types of investigations of the nature of thioarsenite species

Neuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework

We review neuroimaging research investigating self-referential processing (SRP), that is, how we respond to stimuli that reference ourselves, prefaced by a lexical-thematic analysis of words indicative of “self-feelings”. We consider SRP as occurring verbally (V-SRP) and non-verbally (NV-SRP), both in the controlled, “top-down” form of introspective and interoceptive tasks, respectively, as well as in the “bottom-up” spontaneous or automatic form of “mind wandering” and “body wandering” that occurs during resting state. Our review leads us to outline a conceptual and methodological framework for future SRP research that we briefly apply toward understanding certain psychological and neurological disorders symptomatically associated with abnormal SRP. Our discussion is partly guided by William James’ original writings on the consciousness of self

The Human Basal Ganglia Mediate the Interplay between Reactive and Proactive Control of Response through Both Motor Inhibition and Sensory Modulation

The basal ganglia (BG) have long been known for contributing to the regulation of motor behaviour by means of a complex interplay between tonic and phasic inhibitory mechanisms. However, after having focused for a long time on phasic reactive mechanisms, it is only recently that psychological research in healthy humans has modelled tonic proactive mechanisms of control. Mutual calibration between anatomo-functional and psychological models is still needed to better understand the unclear role of the BG in the interplay between proactive and reactive mechanisms of control. Here, we implemented an event-related fMRI design allowing proper analysis of both the brain activity preceding the target-stimulus and the brain activity induced by the target-stimulus during a simple go/nogo task, with a particular interest in the ambiguous role of the basal ganglia. Post-stimulus activity was evoked in the left dorsal striatum, the subthalamus nucleus and internal globus pallidus by any stimulus when the situation was unpredictable, pinpointing its involvement in reactive, non-selective inhibitory mechanisms when action restraint is required. Pre-stimulus activity was detected in the ventral, not the dorsal, striatum, when the situation was unpredictable, and was associated with changes in functional connectivity with the early visual, not the motor, cortex. This suggests that the ventral striatum supports modulatory influence over sensory processing during proactive control

Evaluation of the psychological models of the inhibitory control with functional MRI : physiological plausibility, neural bases and clinical applications in Parkinson's disease

L'inhibition est au cœur du contrôle cognitif. Mais son étude est ardue parce qu'elle s'adapte mal des méthodes psychophysiologiques classiques. En effet si l'inhibition est efficacement implémentée, tout comportement observable est supprimé! En conséquence, les modèles psychologiques existants sont fragiles, et les méthodes d'imagerie rapportent des résultats discordants. Une méta-analyse a d'abord été utilisée pour montrer que les travaux classiques confondent activations liées aux mécanismes d'inhibition réactive et sélective et activations liées aux fonctions cognitives corolaires mises en jeu dans les tâches expérimentales. Cela nous a amené à proposer un modèle alternatif d'inhibition, conçu comme un verrouillage anticipé et non-sélectif (contrôle proactif). Ce modèle a d'abord été testé au moyen de deux expériences psychophysiques. Les résultats suggèrent que l'inhibition proactive est le mode de fonctionnement par défaut du système exécutif. Le modèle proactif a ensuite été éprouvé en même temps que ses deux concurrents (réactif sélectif et réactif non-sélectif) à l'aide d'une étude IRMf. Les résultats confirment que le modèle réactif sélectif est peu plausible, au contraire de ses deux concurrents plus récents et moins populaires. La dernière partie est consacrée aux conséquences cliniques de ce renversement théorique. Alors que le modèle standard assume que l'impulsivité est la seule conséquence de troubles de l'inhibition, le modèle proactif prédit aussi des difficultés à initier un mouvement. C'est ce que nous démontrons, en faisant le lien entre hyperactivation du réseau de contrôle proactif et l'akinésie chez le patient parkinsonienThe inhibition is a key function of the cognitive control. But its assessment is made difficult by its very definition. Indeed, if the inhibition is properly implemented, the observable outcomes are suppressed. In consequences, the existing psychological models are fragile, and the imaging results inconsistent. A meta-analysis was first used to prove that the classical studies confound activations related to the reactive and selective inhibition and the activity elicited by parallel functions involved in experimental tasks. This led us to propose a new model of inhibition, defined as proactive mechanisms implemented in anticipation of stimulation. This model was first tested with two behavioral experiments. The results suggest that proactive inhibition is the default mode of the executive control. The proactive model was then assessed together with its two competing models (reactive selective and reactive non-selective) in an fMRI study. The results confirmed that the reactive selective model is less plausible than the two non-selective models. Finally we focused on the clinical consequence of this theoretical upheaval. When the standard model predicts that the impulsivity is the only consequence of inhibition deficit, the proactive model also predicts a deficit in movement initiation. This is what we showed by associating a hyperactivation of the proactive control network and the akinesia in Parkinson’s diseas