Intrapreneurial Practices and Performance of Cameroonian SMEs

This study analyzes in the Cameroonian context the influence of intrapreneurship on the performance of SMEs in order to take stock of it and question the levers for accelerating intrapreneurial behavior in this population of companies For this purpose it uses a sample of 131 SMEs extracted from the database of the National Institute of Statistics INS of Cameroon and mobilizes after analyzing descriptive statistics binomial logistic regression models to measure the impact of the variables of intrapreneurship on the financial and economic returns of the SMEs in the sample If the results show that intrapreneurship has a positive effect on performance as has been shown in similar work undertaken in Europe or Africa its implementation remains embryonic in Cameroonian SME

Nonlinear Dynamical Regimes and Control of Turbulence through the Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation

The dynamical behavior of pulse and traveling hole in a one-dimensional system depending on the boundary conditions, obeying the complex Ginzburg-Landau (CGL) equation, is studied numerically using parameters near a subcritical bifurcation. In a spatially extended system, the criterion of Benjamin-Feir-Newell (BFN) instability near the weakly inverted bifurcation is established, and many types of regimes such as laminar regime, spatiotemporal regime, defect turbulence regimes, and so on are observed. In finite system by using the homogeneous boundary conditions, two types of regimes are detected mainly the convective and the absolute instability. The convectively unstable regime appears below the threshold of the parameter control, and beyond, the absolute regime is observed. Controlling such regimes remains a great challenge; many methods such as the nonlinear diffusion parameter control are used. The unstable traveling hole in the one-dimensional cubic-quintic CGL equation may be effectively stabilized in the chaotic regime. In order to stabilize defect turbulence regimes, we use the global time-delay auto-synchronization control; we also use another method of control which consists in modifying the nonlinear diffusion term. Finally, we control the unstable regimes by adding the nonlinear gradient term to the system. We then notice that the chaotic system becomes stable under strong nonlinearity

The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior

Background: Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs) are known to have spread across Europe during the period coinciding with the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. Whereas their dispersal into Western Europe is relatively well established, evidence of an early settlement of Eastern Europe by modern humans are comparatively scarce. Methodology/Principal Finding: Based on a multidisciplinary approach for the study of human and faunal remains, we describe here the oldest AMH remains from the extreme southeast Europe, in conjunction with their associated cultural and paleoecological background. We applied taxonomy, paleoecology, and taphonomy combined with geomorphology, stratigraphy, archeology and radiocarbon dating. More than 160 human bone remains have been discovered. They originate from a well documented Upper Paleolithic archeological layer (Gravettian cultural tradition) from the site of Buran-Kaya III located in Crimea (Ukraine). The combination of non-metric dental traits and the morphology of the occipital bones allow us to attribute the human remains to Anatomically Modern Humans. A set of human and faunal remains from this layer has been radiocarbon dated by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. The direct-dating results of human bone establish a secure presence of AMHs at 31,900+240/2220 BP in this region. They are the oldest direct evidence of the presence of AMHs in a well documented archeological context. Based on taphonomical observations (cut marks and distribution of skeletal elements), they represent the oldest Upper Paleolithic modern humans from Eastern Europe, showing post-mortem treatment of the dead as well. Conclusion/Significance: These findings are essential for the debate on the spread of modern humans in Europe during the Upper Paleolithic, as well as their cultural behaviors.

Loups, chiens et sociétés du Paléolithique supérieur

Le processus de domestication du loup vraisemblablement initié au cours du Paléolithique supérieur, pose aujourd’hui encore de nombreuses questions en termes notamment d’ancienneté du phénomène et de sa diffusion au sein des différents groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs se succédant au cours de cette période. Pour tenter d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de discussion, de nouvelles analyses pluridisciplinaires ont récemment été entreprises sur la Grotte Maldidier, l’Abri Pataud, l’Abri du Morin, l’Abri Mège, Rochereil, la Grotte-Abri du Moulin à Troubat et le Pont d’Ambon. Ce travail, à visée diachronique, permet de lancer une discussion concernant le statut sauvage ou domestique des grands Canidés dans ces contextes et plus généralement dans les séries du Paléolithique supérieur du Sud-Ouest de la France. Pour cette analyse, nous avons notamment croisé biométrie et archéozoologie. Les données biométriques obtenues à partir des restes de Canidés participent à la diagnose taxinomique. Les études archéozoologique et taphonomique de l’ensemble des vestiges fauniques associés à ces restes permettent quant à elle de documenter la prédation humaine et animale. L’ensemble de ces données nous permet donc de contextualiser la mise en place de cette innovation zootechnique majeure qu’est la domestication ; et plus globalement, de questionner l’évolution des relations Hommes-Canidés à travers les différents techno-complexes du Paléolithique supérieur

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Open access funding provided by Max Planck Society. This project has received funding by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements no. 803147-RESOLUTION (to S.T.), no. 771234-PALEoRIDER (to W.H.), no. 864358 (to K.M.), no. 724703 and no. 101019659 (to K.H.). K.H. is also supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG FOR 2237). E.A. has received funding from the Van de Kamp fonds. PACEA co-authors of this research benefited from the scientific framework of the University of Bordeaux’s IdEx Investments for the Future programme/GPR Human Past. A.G.-O. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2017-22558). L. Sineo, M.L. and D.C. have received funding from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) PRIN 2017 grants 20177PJ9XF and 20174BTC4R_002. H. Rougier received support from the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences of CSUN and the CSUN Competition for RSCA Awards. C.L.S. and T. Saupe received support from the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (project no. 2014-2020.4.01.16-0030) and C.L.S. received support from the Estonian Research Council grant PUT (PRG243). S. Shnaider received support from the Russian Science Foundation (no. 19-78-10053).Peer reviewe

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

: Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Peer reviewe

Population and individual-based model coupling for the parallel simulation of biological systems : application to blood coagulation

Plusieurs types d’expérimentation existent pour étudier et comprendre les systèmes biologiques. Dans ces travaux, nous nous intéressons à la simulation in silico, c’est-à-dire à la simulation numérique de modèles sur un ordinateur. Les systèmes biologiques sont composés d’entités, à la fois nombreuses et variées, en interaction les unes avec les autres. Ainsi, ils peuvent être modélisés par l’intermédiaire de deux approches complémentaires : l’approche population-centrée et l’approche individu-centrée. Face à la multitude et à la variété des phénomènes composant les systèmes biologiques, il nous semble pertinent de coupler ces deux approches pour obtenir une modélisation mixte. En outre, en raison de la quantité conséquente d’informations que représente l’ensemble des entités et des interactions à modéliser, la simulation numérique des systèmes biologiques est particulièrement coûteuse en temps de calcul informatique. Ainsi, dans ce mémoire, nous proposons des solutions techniques de parallélisation permettant d’exploiter au mieux les performances offertes par les architectures multicoeur et multiprocesseur et les architectures graphiques pour la simulation de systèmes biologiques à base de modélisations mixtes. Nous appliquons nos travaux au domaine de la coagulation du sang et plus particulièrement à l’étude de la cinétique biochimique à l’échelle microscopique ainsi qu’à la simulation d’un vaisseau sanguin virtuel. Ces deux applications nous permettent d’évaluer les performances offertes par les solutions techniques de parallélisation que nous proposons, ainsi que leur pertinence dans le cadre de la simulation des systèmes biologiques.Several types of experimentation exist to study and understand biological systems. Inthis document, we take an interest in in silico simulation, i.e. numerical simulation ofmodels on a computer. Biological systems are made of many various entities, interactingwith each other. Therefore, they can be modeled by two complementary approaches: thepopulation-based approach and the individual-based one. Because of the multitude anddiversity of the phenomena constituting biological systems, we find the coupling of thesetwo approaches relevant to provide a hybrid modelisation. Moreover, because of the hugequantity of data that the entities and interactions represent, numerical simulation of biologicalsystems is especially computationaly intensive. This is why, in this document, we proposeparallel computing methods to take advantage of the performances offered by multicore andmultiprocessor architectures and by graphical ones for the simulation of biological systemsusing hybrid modelisations. We apply our work to blood coagulation and especially to thestudy of biochemical kinetics at the microscopic scale and the simulation of a virtual bloodvessel. These two applications enable us to assess both the performances obtained by theparallel computing methods we proposed and their relevance for biological systems simulation

Couplage de modèles population et individu-centrés pour la simulation parallélisée des systèmes biologiques : application à la coagulation du sang

Several types of experimentation exist to study and understand biological systems. Inthis document, we take an interest in in silico simulation, i.e. numerical simulation ofmodels on a computer. Biological systems are made of many various entities, interactingwith each other. Therefore, they can be modeled by two complementary approaches: thepopulation-based approach and the individual-based one. Because of the multitude anddiversity of the phenomena constituting biological systems, we find the coupling of thesetwo approaches relevant to provide a hybrid modelisation. Moreover, because of the hugequantity of data that the entities and interactions represent, numerical simulation of biologicalsystems is especially computationaly intensive. This is why, in this document, we proposeparallel computing methods to take advantage of the performances offered by multicore andmultiprocessor architectures and by graphical ones for the simulation of biological systemsusing hybrid modelisations. We apply our work to blood coagulation and especially to thestudy of biochemical kinetics at the microscopic scale and the simulation of a virtual bloodvessel. These two applications enable us to assess both the performances obtained by theparallel computing methods we proposed and their relevance for biological systems simulation.Plusieurs types d’expérimentation existent pour étudier et comprendre les systèmes biologiques. Dans ces travaux, nous nous intéressons à la simulation in silico, c’est-à-dire à la simulation numérique de modèles sur un ordinateur. Les systèmes biologiques sont composés d’entités, à la fois nombreuses et variées, en interaction les unes avec les autres. Ainsi, ils peuvent être modélisés par l’intermédiaire de deux approches complémentaires : l’approche population-centrée et l’approche individu-centrée. Face à la multitude et à la variété des phénomènes composant les systèmes biologiques, il nous semble pertinent de coupler ces deux approches pour obtenir une modélisation mixte. En outre, en raison de la quantité conséquente d’informations que représente l’ensemble des entités et des interactions à modéliser, la simulation numérique des systèmes biologiques est particulièrement coûteuse en temps de calcul informatique. Ainsi, dans ce mémoire, nous proposons des solutions techniques de parallélisation permettant d’exploiter au mieux les performances offertes par les architectures multicoeur et multiprocesseur et les architectures graphiques pour la simulation de systèmes biologiques à base de modélisations mixtes. Nous appliquons nos travaux au domaine de la coagulation du sang et plus particulièrement à l’étude de la cinétique biochimique à l’échelle microscopique ainsi qu’à la simulation d’un vaisseau sanguin virtuel. Ces deux applications nous permettent d’évaluer les performances offertes par les solutions techniques de parallélisation que nous proposons, ainsi que leur pertinence dans le cadre de la simulation des systèmes biologiques