History of the Colombian left-wings between 1958 and 2010

This article looks at the history of left-wings in Colombia, framed within what was happening in the country, Latin America, and the world between 1958 and 2010. After specifying what we mean by “left-wings” and outlining their background in the first half of the 20th century, there is a panorama of five great moments of the period under study to reach the recent situation. The chronology favors the internal aspects of the history of Colombian left-wings, allowing us to appreciate their achievements and limitations framed into such a particular context as the Colombian one

The financial collapse, crisis Who responds?...

La crisis en el mercado accionario no fue producto del ocaso, ni su desencadenamiento obedece a circunstacias fortuitas.The crisis in the stock market was not the product of the sunset, nor was its triggering due to fortuitous circumstances

Historia de las izquierdas colombianas entre 1958 y 2010

Este artículo mira la historia de las izquierdas en Colombia, enmarcada dentro de lo que ocurría en el país, América Latina y el mundo entre 1958 y 2010. Luego de precisar lo que entendemos por “izquierdas” y de trazar los antecedentes de ellas en la primera mitad del siglo XX, se hace un recorrido por cinco grandes momentos del periodo estudiado para llegar a la situación reciente. La cronología privilegia los aspectos internos de la historia de las izquierdas colombianas, lo que permite apreciar los logros y limitaciones de éstas enmarcadas en un contexto particular como es el colombian

Ponencia

Tengo que decirles que realmente me complace participar en este evento de análisis de los efectos de la implementación de la Constitución del 91 y sobre todo porque diez años atrás también por invitación de la Decanatura de la Facultad de Derecho compartimos algunos decentes de la UNAB con ilustres magistrados y aún exconstituyentes, compartimos un foro en el que apenas se empezaba a hacer un análisis sobre las expectativas que se tenían en el país sobre lo que pudiera venir en la nación a raíz de la implementación de la Nueva Carta Política. Entonces debo empezar estos comentario diciendo que no se sí a diferencia o semejanza de las demás personas que están pagando por este estrado, yo voy a dejar una nota muy crítica sobre lo que ha sído el desarrollo de la Constitución del 91 y vamos precisamente a ubicar estas críticas en el iema económico, La economía en Colombia en el año 91 es muy distinta de lo que es 10 años después y la noticia es mala, es muy distinta para mal, muy distinta en cuanto que los indicadores que vamos a ver nos muestran un franco deterioro en lugar de esa expectativa casí paradisíaca que se planteaba en ese entonces y desafortunadamente aunque no toda la culpa reside en el texto constitucional, sí buena parte tiene que ver con el manejo que se le dio a la Asamblea Nacional constituyente.I have to tell you that I am really pleased to participate in this event to analyze the effects of the implementation of the Constitution of 1991 and above all because ten years ago, also at the invitation of the Deanship of the Faculty of Law, we shared some decent statements from the UNAB with illustrious magistrates and still former constituents, we shared a forum in which an analysis was just beginning to be made about the expectations that were held in the country about what could come in the nation as a result of the implementation of the New Political Charter. So I must start these comments by saying that I don't know if, unlike or similar to the other people who are paying for this podium, I am going to leave a very critical note about what the development of the 1991 Constitution has been and we are precisely going to locate these criticisms in the economic iema, The economy in Colombia in 1991 is very different from what it is 10 years later and the news is bad, it is very different for the worse, very different insofar as the indicators that we are going to see show us a frank deterioration instead of that almost paradisiacal expectation that was raised at that time and unfortunately, although not all the blame lies in the constitutional text, a good part of it has to do with the handling that was given to the Constituent National Assembly

Metodología para el diseño y la implementación de sensores inferenciales basados en datos de proceso, desarrollados con redes neuronales artificiales, sistemas neuro-difusos y máquinas de vectores de soporte

El presente trabajo de tesis de maestría se desarrolló para el establecimiento de una metodología, que permita el diseño e implementación de sensores inferenciales basados en datos, bajo tres técnicas seleccionadas, por la creciente atención que vienen despertando en tareas de modelamiento y estimación de variables industriales. Las técnicas seleccionadas son las redes neuronales artificiales, las máquinas de vectores de soporte y los sistemas de inferencia neuro-difusa, que adicionalmente utilizan bases distintas para la solución del problema de regresión. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se diseñaron 3 sensores inferenciales basados en estas técnicas, explorando las etapas necesarias para establecer una predicción de buen desempeño y por consiguiente diferentes técnicas para el preprocesamiento de los datos, selección de modelo y el entrenamiento y validación de las técnicas. Para llevar a cabo estas tareas se obtuvo el modelo matemático de una columna de destilación con el fin de acercar el entorno de simulación a datos con características típicas del ambiente industrial. Con el desarrollo de los 3 sensores inferenciales se estableció una metodología que puede ser aplicada en la industria y que desemboca en un desempeño adecuado para predecir variables de difícil o impráctica medición.Abstract: The present master's thesis work was developed for the establishment of a methodology, which allows the design and implementation of data-based inferential sensors, under three selected techniques. Due to the increasing attention they have been arousing in modeling and estimation of industrial variables. The techniques selected are artificial neural networks, support vector machines and neuro-diffuse inference systems, which additionally use different methods for the solution of the regression problem. Taking into account the above, 3 inferential sensors based on these techniques has been designed, by exploring the steps to establish a prediction of good performance and by means of different techniques for pre-processing of data, model selection and training of the techniques. To carry out these tasks, the mathematical model of a distillation column was obtained in order to bring the simulation environment closer to data with typical characteristics of the industrial environment. With the development of the 3 inferential sensors, a methodology was established that can be applied in the industry and that leads to adequate performance to predict variables of difficult or impractical measurement.Maestrí

PLANTEAMIENTOS RELEVANTES SOBRE EL METABOLISMO DEL LACTATO Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL EJERCICIO FÍSICO.

El l objetivo de este texto es destacar colocar los puntos más importantes sobre la discusión actual sobre el metabolismo del lactato, basado en la revisión de literaturaespecializada, y dirigida a los siguientes puntos a: (i) producción, acumulación y remoción durante el esfuerzo físico, (ii) la imposibilidad bioquímica para la formación del ácido láctico (como tal) y de la acidosis láctica y los planteamiento alternativos acerca de la acidosis metabólica inducida por el ejercicio(estableciendo las posibles fuentes de protones de Hidrogenos[H+]) y, finalmente, (iii) el señalamiento de planteamientos que postulan al lactato como una molécula reporta beneficios en diversas direcciones: fuente gluconeogénica, y un efecto “alcalinizante” sobre el estado ácido-base

Quality of Life in Chronic Pancreatitis is Determined by Constant Pain, Disability/Unemployment, Current Smoking, and Associated Co-Morbidities

OBJECTIVES: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) has a profound independent effect on quality of life (QOL). Our aim was to identify factors that impact the QOL in CP patients. METHODS: We used data on 1,024 CP patients enrolled in the three NAPS2 studies. Information on demographics, risk factors, co-morbidities, disease phenotype, and treatments was obtained from responses to structured questionnaires. Physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS, respectively) scores generated using responses to the Short Form-12 (SF-12) survey were used to assess QOL at enrollment. Multivariable linear regression models determined independent predictors of QOL. RESULTS: Mean PCS and MCS scores were 36.7+/-11.7 and 42.4+/-12.2, respectively. Significant (P \u3c 0.05) negative impact on PCS scores in multivariable analyses was noted owing to constant mild-moderate pain with episodes of severe pain or constant severe pain (10 points), constant mild-moderate pain (5.2), pain-related disability/unemployment (5.1), current smoking (2.9 points), and medical co-morbidities. Significant (P \u3c 0.05) negative impact on MCS scores was related to constant pain irrespective of severity (6.8-6.9 points), current smoking (3.9 points), and pain-related disability/unemployment (2.4 points). In women, disability/unemployment resulted in an additional 3.7 point reduction in MCS score. Final multivariable models explained 27% and 18% of the variance in PCS and MCS scores, respectively. Etiology, disease duration, pancreatic morphology, diabetes, exocrine insufficiency, and prior endotherapy/pancreatic surgery had no significant independent effect on QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Constant pain, pain-related disability/unemployment, current smoking, and concurrent co-morbidities significantly affect the QOL in CP. Further research is needed to identify factors impacting QOL not explained by our analyses

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Standalone vertex finding in the ATLAS muon spectrometer

A dedicated reconstruction algorithm to find decay vertices in the ATLAS muon spectrometer is presented. The algorithm searches the region just upstream of or inside the muon spectrometer volume for multi-particle vertices that originate from the decay of particles with long decay paths. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using both a sample of simulated Higgs boson events, in which the Higgs boson decays to long-lived neutral particles that in turn decay to bbar b final states, and pp collision data at √s = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2011