111 research outputs found
Reinforcing medical authority: clinical ethics consultation and the resolution of conflicts in treatment decisions
Despite substantial efforts in the past 15Â years to professionalise the field of clinical ethics consultation, sociologists have not reâexamined past hypotheses about the role of such services in medical decisionâmaking and their effect on physician authority. In relation to those hypotheses, we explore two questions: (i)Â What kinds of issues does ethics consultation resolve? and (ii) what is the nature of the resolution afforded by these consults? We examined ethics consultation records created between 2011 and midâ2015 at a large tertiary care US hospital and found that in most cases, the problems addressed are not novel ethical dilemmas as classically conceived, but are instead disagreements between clinicians and patients or their surrogates about treatment. The resolution offered by a typical ethics consultation involves strategies to improve communication rather than the parsing of ethical obligations. In cases where disagreements persist, the proposed solution is most often based on technical clinical judgements, reinforcing the role of physician authority in patient care and the ethical decisions made about that care.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154312/1/shil13003.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154312/2/shil13003_am.pd
Analysis of the modes of energy consumption of the complex of an incoherent scattering of the institute of ionosphere of national academy of sciences and the ministry of education and science of Ukraine
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ĐŽĐŸŃĐ»ŃĐŽĐ¶Đ”ĐœŃ.This article presents the results of the analysis of the energy consumption modes of the incoherent scattering complex of the Institute of Ionosphere of the National Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine to solve the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of a research complex and creating an energy efficient power supply system that will ensure the sustainability of scientific equipment for research programs
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The system of power supply of the complex and modes of power consumption of the complex are described. The devices of the radar system are described, as well as the most powerful consumers of electricity, which consume electricity for experimental and economic needs. The energy consumption of the incoherent scattering complex in 2013 is analyzed. Graphs of the average power consumption (daily average) and average power consumption in measurement modes were obtained and presented. The feasibility of work to optimize the energy supply of the research complex of the institute of the ionosphere is described. Possible measures are proposed to reduce the economic cost of conducting experiments on the study of the ionosphere of an incoherent scattering research complex. The analysis of the works of modern authors i s
carried out in order to show that increasing the efficiency of the power supply systems is an actual problem of modern research
Shadowing in Inelastic Scattering of Muons on Carbon, Calcium and Lead at Low XBj
Nuclear shadowing is observed in the per-nucleon cross-sections of positive
muons on carbon, calcium and lead as compared to deuterium. The data were taken
by Fermilab experiment E665 using inelastically scattered muons of mean
incident momentum 470 GeV/c. Cross-section ratios are presented in the
kinematic region 0.0001 < XBj <0.56 and 0.1 < Q**2 < 80 GeVc. The data are
consistent with no significant nu or Q**2 dependence at fixed XBj. As XBj
decreases, the size of the shadowing effect, as well as its A dependence, are
found to approach the corresponding measurements in photoproduction.Comment: 22 pages, incl. 6 figures, to be published in Z. Phys.
Observation of the decay \psip\rar\kstark
Using 14 million events collected with the BESII detector,
branching fractions of \psip\rar\kstarkpm and \kstarknn are determined to
be: \calB(\psip\rar\kstarkpm)=(2.9^{+1.3}_{-1.7}\pm0.4)\times 10^{-5} and
\calB(\psip\rar\kstarknn)=(13.3^{+2.4}_{-2.7}\pm1.9)\times 10^{-5}. The
results confirm the violation of the "12%" rule for these two decay channels
with higher precision. A large isospin violation between the charged and
neutral modes is observed.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Sediment routing and basin evolution in Proterozoic to Mesozoic east Gondwana: A case study from southern Australia
Sedimentary rocks along the southern margin of Australia host an important record of the break-up history of east Gondwana, as well as fragments of a deeper geological history, which collectively help inform the geological evolution of a vast and largely underexplored region. New drilling through Cenozoic cover has allowed examination of the Cretaceous rift-related Madura Shelf sequence (Bight Basin), and identification of two new stratigraphic units beneath the shelf; the possibly Proterozoic Shanes Dam Conglomerate and the interpreted Palaeozoic southern Officer Basin unit, the Decoration Sandstone. Recognition of these new units indicates an earlier basinal history than previously known. Lithostratigraphy of the new drillcore has been integrated with that published from onshore and offshore cores to present isopach maps of sedimentary cover on the Madura Shelf. New palynological data demonstrate progression from more localised freshwater-brackish fluvio-lacustrine clastics in the early Cretaceous (Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis â Valanginian to Barremian) to widespread topography-blanketing, fully marine, glauconitic mudrocks in the mid Cretaceous (Endoceratium ludbrookiae â Albian). Geochronology and Hf-isotope geochemistry show detrital zircon populations from the Madura Shelf are comparable to those from the southern Officer Basin, as well as Cenozoic shoreline and palaeovalley sediments in the region. The detrital zircon population from the Shanes Dam Conglomerate is defined by a unimodal ~1400 Ma peak, which correlates with directly underlying crystalline basement of the Madura Province. Peak ages of ~1150 Ma and ~1650 Ma dominate the age spectra of all other samples, indicating a stable sediment reservoir through much of the Phanerozoic, with sediments largely sourced from the Albany-Fraser Orogen and Musgrave Province (directly and via multiple recycling events). The Madura Shelf detrital zircon population differs from published data for the Upper CretaceousCeduna Delta to the east, indicating significant differences in sediment provenance and routing between the Ceduna Sub-basin and central Bight Basin
Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies
Rabies is a fatal viral disease largely transmitted to humans from bites by infected animals
âpredominantly from domestic dogs. The disease is entirely preventable through prompt
administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to bite victims and can be controlled
through mass vaccination of domestic dogs. Yet, rabies is still very prevalent in developing
countries, affecting populations with limited access to health care. The disease is also
grossly underreported in these areas because most victims die at home. This leads to insufficient
prioritization of rabies prevention in public health agendas. To address this lack of
information on the impacts of rabies, in this study, we compiled available data to provide a
robust estimate of the health and economic implications of dog rabies globally. The most
important impacts included: loss of human lives (approximately 59,000 annually) and productivity
due to premature death from rabies, and costs of obtaining PEP once an exposure
has occurred. The greatest risk of developing rabies fell upon the poorest regions of the
world, where domestic dog vaccination is not widely implemented and access to PEP is
most limited. A greater focus on mass dog vaccination could eliminate the disease at
source, reducing the need for costly PEP and preventing the large and unnecessary burden
of mortality on at-risk communities.S1 Text. Supporting bibliography.S1 Table. Estimates by country of rabies deaths, exposures, PEP use, prevented deaths, dog
vaccination coverage, probability that a dog is rabid (RP), of bite victims receiving PEP
(PP), DALYs, costs and 95% confidence intervals of estimates. Clusters to which countries
are assigned are shown and inputs used for estimating parameters including the human development
index and whetehr a country s rabies-free or endemic (RISK). Estimates of years of life
lost (YLL) and DALYs (due to rabies and to adverse events from the use of nerve tissue vaccines) are shown under different assumptions (estimates under the assumption of no time
discounting or age-weighting should be directly comparable to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease
study).S1 Fig. Division of costs associated with rabies, prevention and control across sectors by
cluster. Inset shows proportional expenditure in different clusters. Full details of countries by
cluster are given in S1 Table. Asia 4 comprises: Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand (High PEP
use); Asia 3 comprises Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan (Himalayan region); Asia 2 comprises
Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Democratic Peopleâs Republic of Korea;
SADC comprises countries in the Southern African Development Community, Eurasia comprises
Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.S1 Dataset. Model code and input data files including references, rationale and detail of
Delphi process. The code folder contains seven R scripts: burden_model.R runs the model
using data compiled in burden_1.R, after estimating parameters using: FitCovInc.R, FitPP.R,
and creating Fig 2 (RabiesBurdenFig2.R). The script burden_results.R summarizes findings
using the output of burden_model.R and burden_sensitivity.R runs the sensitivity analyses. The
data folder contains 12 csv files called by the R code for the analyses, and one excel file (Vet.
xlsx) with additional details about the data sources in vcountry2.csv and vcluster2.csv and with
Delphi process estimates for dog vaccination coverage. Data sources are detailed in the relevant
data sources and the details of the sources of data used in the analysis are in the supporting bibliography,
S1 text.This study was funded by the UBS
Optimus Foundation (http://www.ubs.com/optimusfoundation)
and the Wellcome Trust (095787/Z/11/Z).http://www.plosntds.orgam201
Constraints on axionlike particles with H.E.S.S. from the irregularity of the PKS 2155-304 energy spectrum
Axionlike particles (ALPs) are hypothetical light (sub-eV) bosons predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. In astrophysical environments comprising high-energy gamma rays and turbulent magnetic fields, the existence of ALPs can modify the energy spectrum of the gamma rays for a sufficiently large coupling between ALPs and photons. This modification would take the form of an irregular behavior of the energy spectrum in a limited energy range. Data from the H.E.S.S. observations of the distant BL Lac object PKS 2155-304 (z=0.116) are used to derive upper limits at the 95% C.L. on the strength of the ALP coupling to photons, ggammaa<2.1Ă10-11GeV-1 for an ALP mass between 15 and 60 neV. The results depend on assumptions on the magnetic field around the source, which are chosen conservatively. The derived constraints apply to both light pseudoscalar and scalar bosons that couple to the electromagnetic fieldFil: Medina, Maria Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia (i); ArgentinaFil: H.E.S. S. collaboration
Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic clocks reveals associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume
The concept of age acceleration, the difference between biological age and chronological age, is of growing interest, particularly with respect to age-related disorders, such as Alzheimerâs Disease (AD). Whilst studies have reported associations with AD risk and related phenotypes, there remains a lack of consensus on these associations. Here we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between five recognised measures of age acceleration, based on DNA methylation patterns (DNAm age), and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognition and AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes (volumetric MRI and Amyloid-ÎČ PET) in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) and the Alzheimerâs Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Significant associations were observed between age acceleration using the Hannum epigenetic clock and cross-sectional hippocampal volume in AIBL and replicated in ADNI. In AIBL, several other findings were observed cross-sectionally, including a significant association between hippocampal volume and the Hannum and Phenoage epigenetic clocks. Further, significant associations were also observed between hippocampal volume and the Zhang and Phenoage epigenetic clocks within Amyloid-ÎČ positive individuals. However, these were not validated within the ADNI cohort. No associations between age acceleration and other Alzheimerâs disease-related phenotypes, including measures of cognition or brain Amyloid-ÎČ burden, were observed, and there was no association with longitudinal change in any phenotype. This study presents a link between age acceleration, as determined using DNA methylation, and hippocampal volume that was statistically significant across two highly characterised cohorts. The results presented in this study contribute to a growing literature that supports the role of epigenetic modifications in ageing and AD-related phenotypes
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