Reducing natural vegetation loss in Amazonia critically depends on the formal recognition of indigenous lands

The Brazilian Amazon contains the world's largest tract of tropical forest, about 22 % of which is within demarcated indigenous territories. Formal governmental recognition of these traditional territories is often a critical deterrent to deforestation, but the relative conservation performance of Indigenous Lands (ILs) under different legal categories and geographic contexts remains poorly understood. We used 30-m resolution Landsat satellite imagery to quantitatively assess the land cover status and annual rates of natural vegetation loss between 1985 and 2020 for 381 indigenous territories amounting to ~115 million hectares. Using a comprehensive set of environmental and socio-economic covariates and a mixed-modelling approach, we found that all stages of formal IL recognition consistently inhibit natural vegetation loss throughout the Brazilian Amazon compared to adjacent unprotected areas. Formal physical demarcation and distance from roads were the main proximate drivers of avoided natural vegetation loss inside ILs. Forest loss associated with road access is substantially curbed by ILs, showing the importance of frontier expansion when assessing indigenous reserve performance in counteracting natural vegetation loss. Because loss of natural forest and savannah areas associated with agribusiness frontiers and infrastructure projects are likely to intensify, the importance of ecosystem services provided by ILs is expected to increase across the Brazilian Amazon. Cultural profile and human density exerted no impacts on IL effectiveness in precluding natural vegetation loss. Given widespread encroachment of timber extraction and agribusiness, formal recognition of indigenous territories is a critical factor in decelerating primary habitat conversion across the Amazon

Niveles inmunitarios contra fiebre aftosa en bovinos del Urabá antioqueño 1978 - 1985

This paper discribes the results of the protection status of cattle against Foot-and- Mouth Disease (FMD) found during the 1978 to 1985 period. One of the vaccination cycles was considered for each year, and a statistical representative random sample was calculated for both, young and adult cattle. Animals were bled at day 90 postvaccination and neutralizing antibody titers against FMD types A and 0 were assayed by neutralization test in microtiter plates, using BHK21 cells. The value of 1.5 log was considered to discriminate protected from unprotected cattle. During the analyzed period, in young cattle, the percentages of protection against the virus type A ranged from 25.6 to 64.4%, and against the type 0 from 27.9 to 74.2%. The estimated percentages of protection in adult cattle, ranged from 23.1 to 87.7% against the virus type A and from 42.8 to 88.8% against the type 0. The estimated percentages of protection found in adult cattle were, in most of the years, higher (P < 0.05) than those found in young cattle. In the latter category, the inmune response against the virus type 0 was higher than that against the type A. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982. From the above results a satisfactory protection status against FMD was deduced, specially since 1980 which has been reflected in a remarkable reduction of FMD outbreaks in this region. Besides, it was confirmed the efficacy of massive and systematic vaccination procedures, complemented by other actions such as control of cattle movement and severe epidemiologic surveillance.Se describen los resultados de la evaluación continuada del estado de protección contra fiebre aftosa (F.A.) en la población bovina del Urabá antioqueño, durante 1978 a 1985. Para cada año se consideró uno de los ciclos de vacunación y se determinó una muestra estadísticamente representativa de bovinos jóvenes y adultos. Estos fueron sangrados a los 90 días post-vacunación y sus títulos de anticuerpos contra los virus tipos A y O evaluados mediante la técnica de seroneutralización en placa, utilizando células BHK sub 21. Se consideró el valor 1.5 log como título discriminante entre protección y no protección. Durante el período analizado, en los bovinos jóvenes los valores estimados de protección contra el virus tipo A oscilaron entre 25.6 y 64.4 por ciento y contra el tipo O, entre 27.9 y 74.2 por ciento. En los adultos, los valores estimados de protección fluctuaron entre 23.1 y 87.7 por ciento para el virus tipo A y entre 42.8 y 88.8 por ciento para el virus tipo O. El procentaje estimado de bovinos adultos protegidos contra F.A. fue en la mayoría de los años superior (P menor que 0.05) al encontrado en los jóvenes, en los cuales la respuesta inmune fue mayor para el virus tipo O que para el tipo A, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P menor que 0.05) en los años 1979, 1980, 1981 y 1982. De los resultados se dedujo que la protección contra F.A. fue satisfactoria, especialmente a partir de 1980, reflejada en una disminución notoria del número de focos en la región, lo cual confirma la eficacia de los programas masivos y sistemáticos de vacunación, complementados con medidas de control de movilización de animales y una drástica vigilancia epidemiológica.Ganado de leche-Ganadería lech

Inmunidad conferida por la vacunación antiaftosa en los bovinos del Urabá Antioqueño.

Se determinaron los niveles de anticuerpos neutralizantes de la población bovina del área de Urabá, Antioquia, con base al muestreo serológico realizado en noviembre de 1977, correspondiente a 90 días post-vacunación. De los 320 bovinos menores de dos años 145 (45.31 por ciento) estaban protegidos frente al virus A-8046 y 90 (28.12 por ciento) lo estaban frente al virus O1-7250. Para los bovinos mayores de dos años, de los 306 utilizados, se observó que 205 (67 por ciento) estaban protegidos frente al virus A27-8046 y 117 (38.56 por ciento) frente al virus O1-7250. Al comparar las diferencias del porcentaje de protegidos entre ambos grupos de edad, por análisis de chi-cuadrado, se encontró que fueron altamente significativos frente al virus A27-8046 (P menor que 0.001) y significativos frente al virus O1-7250 (P menor que 0.01)Ganado de leche-Ganadería lech

Bone Density, Microstructure and Strength in Obese and Normal Weight Men and Women in Younger and Older Adulthood

Obesity is associated with greater areal BMD (aBMD) and is considered protective against hip and vertebral fracture. Despite this, there is a higher prevalence of lower leg and proximal humerus fracture in obesity. We aimed to determine if there are site‐specific differences in BMD, bone structure, or bone strength between obese and normal‐weight adults. We studied 100 individually‐matched pairs of normal (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) men and women, aged 25 to 40 years or 55 to 75 years. We assessed aBMD at the whole body (WB), hip (TH), and lumbar spine (LS) with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), LS trabecular volumetric BMD (Tb.vBMD) by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and vBMD and microarchitecture and strength at the distal radius and tibia with high‐resolution peripheral QCT (HR‐pQCT) and micro–finite element analysis. Serum type 1 procollagen N‐terminal peptide (P1NP) and collagen type 1 C‐telopeptide (CTX) were measured by automated electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA). Obese adults had greater WB, LS, and TH aBMD than normal adults. The effect of obesity on LS and WB aBMD was greater in older than younger adults (p < 0.01). Obese adults had greater vBMD than normal adults at the tibia (p < 0.001 both ages) and radius (p < 0.001 older group), thicker cortices, higher cortical BMD and tissue mineral density, lower cortical porosity, higher trabecular BMD, and higher trabecular number than normal adults. There was no difference in bone size between obese and normal adults. Obese adults had greater estimated failure load at the radius (p < 0.05) and tibia (p < 0.01). Differences in HR‐pQCT measurements between obese and normal adults were seen more consistently in the older than the younger group. Bone turnover markers were lower in obese than in normal adults. Greater BMD in obesity is not an artifact of DXA measurement. Obese adults have higher BMD, thicker and denser cortices, and higher trabecular number than normal adults. Greater differences between obese and normal adults in the older group suggest that obesity may protect against age‐related bone loss and may increase peak bone mass

Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu decay channel, where l = e or mu, in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The data were collected at the LHC, with the CMS detector, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 inverse femtobarns. No significant excess is observed above the background expectation, and upper limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section. The presence of the standard model Higgs boson with a mass in the 270-440 GeV range is excluded at 95% confidence level.Comment: Submitted to JHE

Search for anomalous t t-bar production in the highly-boosted all-hadronic final state

A search is presented for a massive particle, generically referred to as a Z', decaying into a t t-bar pair. The search focuses on Z' resonances that are sufficiently massive to produce highly Lorentz-boosted top quarks, which yield collimated decay products that are partially or fully merged into single jets. The analysis uses new methods to analyze jet substructure, providing suppression of the non-top multijet backgrounds. The analysis is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns. Upper limits in the range of 1 pb are set on the product of the production cross section and branching fraction for a topcolor Z' modeled for several widths, as well as for a Randall--Sundrum Kaluza--Klein gluon. In addition, the results constrain any enhancement in t t-bar production beyond expectations of the standard model for t t-bar invariant masses larger than 1 TeV.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of High Energy Physics; this version includes a minor typo correction that will be submitted as an erratu

Measurement of the Z/gamma* + b-jet cross section in pp collisions at 7 TeV

The production of b jets in association with a Z/gamma* boson is studied using proton-proton collisions delivered by the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and recorded by the CMS detector. The inclusive cross section for Z/gamma* + b-jet production is measured in a sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.2 inverse femtobarns. The Z/gamma* + b-jet cross section with Z/gamma* to ll (where ll = ee or mu mu) for events with the invariant mass 60 < M(ll) < 120 GeV, at least one b jet at the hadron level with pT > 25 GeV and abs(eta) < 2.1, and a separation between the leptons and the jets of Delta R > 0.5 is found to be 5.84 +/- 0.08 (stat.) +/- 0.72 (syst.) +(0.25)/-(0.55) (theory) pb. The kinematic properties of the events are also studied and found to be in agreement with the predictions made by the MadGraph event generator with the parton shower and the hadronisation performed by PYTHIA.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of High Energy Physic

Search for new physics with same-sign isolated dilepton events with jets and missing transverse energy

A search for new physics is performed in events with two same-sign isolated leptons, hadronic jets, and missing transverse energy in the final state. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 inverse femtobarns produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. This constitutes a factor of 140 increase in integrated luminosity over previously published results. The observed yields agree with the standard model predictions and thus no evidence for new physics is found. The observations are used to set upper limits on possible new physics contributions and to constrain supersymmetric models. To facilitate the interpretation of the data in a broader range of new physics scenarios, information on the event selection, detector response, and efficiencies is provided.Comment: Published in Physical Review Letter

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles at high transverse momenta in PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV

The azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in PbPb collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV is measured with the CMS detector at the LHC over an extended transverse momentum (pt) range up to approximately 60 GeV. The data cover both the low-pt region associated with hydrodynamic flow phenomena and the high-pt region where the anisotropies may reflect the path-length dependence of parton energy loss in the created medium. The anisotropy parameter (v2) of the particles is extracted by correlating charged tracks with respect to the event-plane reconstructed by using the energy deposited in forward-angle calorimeters. For the six bins of collision centrality studied, spanning the range of 0-60% most-central events, the observed v2 values are found to first increase with pt, reaching a maximum around pt = 3 GeV, and then to gradually decrease to almost zero, with the decline persisting up to at least pt = 40 GeV over the full centrality range measured.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO