Experimental investigation of using Graphene Oxide with Ethylene Glycol and Water mixture to improve the performance of a car radiator

Nanofluids offer a good alternative heat transfer mediums with approximately five-fold heat transfer enhancement. This paper presents the results from a research study carried out on the use of Graphene Oxide/ Ethylene glycol Mixture (GnO/H2O-EG) Nanofluid as the heat transfer medium in a car radiator. The radiator consisted of 30 vertical tubes with elliptical cross section. Air makes a cross flow inside the tube bank with constant speed. The system was tested with three different Nanofluid concentrations (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% by weight). The tests were conducted for flow rates ranging between 2 to 5 lit/min which corresponds to Reynolds number between 14000 and 38000. The effect on fluid outlet temperature to the radiator was analyzed for different flow rates and constant inlet temperature. The data were compared to that obtained with potable water in the radiator. The result of the comparison revealed that the use of graphene oxide increased the temperature drop across can radiator by upto 22 % compared to 50% Glycol mixture

Closed total talus dislocation without fracture: a case report

Total dislocation of the talus from all of its joints is a rare injury specially when the talus and malleoli are not fractured and frequently it is as a result of a high-energy trauma. It usually leads to degenerative changes in neighboring joints and frequently avascular necrosis is a predictable outcome. We present a case of total talus dislocation because of a high-energy trauma in association with other major fractures resulting from a fall from height, but no fracture could be detected in the talus and any of malleols. Closed reduction was unsuccessful and we performed open reduction. At 6 month post operation follow-up, the talus didn't show subluxation and avascular necrosis could not be detected

Laser powder bed fusion of 17–4 PH stainless steel:A comparative study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties

17–4 PH (precipitation hardening) stainless steel is commonly used for the fabrication of complicated molds with conformal cooling channels using laser powder bed fusion process (L-PBF). However, their microstructure in the as-printed condition varies notably with the chemical composition of the feedstock powder, resulting in different age-hardening behavior. In the present investigation, 17–4 PH stainless steel components were fabricated by L-PBF from two different feedstock powders, and subsequently subjected to different combinations of post-process heat treatments. It was observed that the microstructure in as-printed conditions could be almost fully martensitic or ferritic, depending on the ratio of Creq/Nieq of the feedstock powder. Aging treatment at 480 °C improved the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the as-printed components. However, specimens with martensitic structures exhibited accelerated age-hardening response compared with the ferritic specimens due to the higher lattice distortion and dislocation accumulation, resulting in the “dislocation pipe diffusion mechanism”. It was also found that the martensitic structures were highly susceptible to the formation of reverted austenite during direct aging treatment, where 19.5% of austenite phase appeared in the microstructure after 15 h of direct aging. Higher fractions of reverted austenite activates the transformation induced plasticity and improves the ductility of heat treated specimens. The results of the present study can be used to tailor the microstructure of the L-PBF printed 17–4 PH stainless steel by post-process heat treatments to achieve a good combination of mechanical properties

Pathologic dislocation of the shoulder secondary to septic arthritis: a case report

Septic arthritis of the shoulder is uncommon in adults, and complete dislocation of the glenohumeral joint following septic arthritis is extremely rare. We report a case of pathologic shoulder dislocation secondary to septic arthritis in an intravenous drug abuser

Hard-yet-tough high-vanadium hierarchical composite coating:Microstructure and mechanical properties

In this work, we report a high-vanadium hierarchical coating prepared on the surface of nodular cast iron substrate by a low-cost plasma transferred arc (PTA) surface alloying process. The coating consists of a graded layer with an alloyed zone (AZ) rich in submicron sized granular (V-Ti-Nb-Cr-Mo) composite carbides on top of intermediate melted zone characterized by refined ledeburite and martensite. The dense spherical particles in the AZ are FCC structured MC-type (M = V, Ti and Nb) carbides which tend to aggregate while M7C3 and M2C carbides nucleate on MC. The super-lattice V8C7 maintains its cube-on-cube orientation relationship with TiC. The hardness of the AZ is 9.6 +/- 1.0 GPa, similar to 4 times that of the substrate. Nano- and micro-indentations point at a superior strength-toughness in the AZ, where cracks are deflected and bridged by the spherical MC carbides in a compressive residue stress state. The fracture mode appears to be rather ductile in the AZ whereas brittle failure appears in both the melted zone and substrate. TEM and EDS results confirm that such a micro architecture design, assisted by the rapid solidification rate of the PTA process, concurrently activates various strengthening micromechanisms including the precipitation hardening and grain refinement

Assessing the design of road traffic death information systems in Iran: a participatory systems approach

AIM: To describe and analyze the information architecture and information pathways of the road traffic death recording, registration and reporting system in Guilan Province, northernIran. METHODS: We used Business Process Mapping, a qualitative approach. This participatory and iterative approach consists of a document review, key informant interviews, development of a process map and a participatory workshop with key stakeholders to illuminate and validate the findings. We classified the tasks performed in the system into three phases: (1) Identification and recording; (2) Notification and registration, and (3) Production of statistics. RESULTS: We identified 13 stakeholders, with operating and influencing roles in the process of identification, registration and production of statistics about road traffic deaths in Guilan province. The three main sources of road traffic death statistics are the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, the National Organization for Civil Registration and the Forensic Medicine Organization. Our results reveal a highly fragmented system with minimal cross-sectoral data exchange. Each stakeholder operates in a silo resulting in delays and redundancies in the operating system. In the absence of an effective communication among stakeholders, the information exchange was dependent on the family of the deceased. These fragmented information silos alter the compilation of cause of death statistics and result in under-reporting and discrepancies in road traffic deaths figures. CONCLUSIONS: Designing a comprehensive road traffic information system that provides accurate and timely information requires an understanding of the information flow and the entangled web of different stakeholders operating in the system. Participatory systems approaches such as process mapping can assist in capturing the complexity of the system and the integration process by facilitating stakeholders' engagement and ownership in improving the design of the system

Enhancing smart city operation management: integrating energy systems with a subway synergism hub

This paper is centered on establishing a secure framework for the optimal concurrent operation of a smart city, encompassing transportation, water, heat, electrical, and cooling energy systems. The studied smart city includes the microgrid, smart transportation system (STS), energy hub (EH) and smart grid. In this regard, a subway synergism hub (SSH) as a new non-energy system is added to the smart city with the aim of serving the subway's water, heat, electrical and cooling demands as well as diminishing the operation cost of the smart city. The EH within the SSH cooperated with a desalination unit is considered to supply the subway's stations water demand by using the sea water. The investigation of the optimal allocation of the SSH unit for reducing the cost of smart city operation is also conducted by introducing a novel intelligent priority selection (IPS) analytical algorithm. In comparison to common meta-heuristic algorithms for allocation problems, the accurate optimal solution can be found in low runtime by the IPS algorithm. To achieve an accurate model of the smart city, directed acyclic graph (DAG) based blockchain approach is provided which can enhance the data and energy exchanges security within the smart city. This research paper introduces a security framework deployed in a smart city setting to establish a secure platform for energy transactions. The findings validate the effectiveness of this model and highlight the value of the IPS method. The effectiveness of the suggested approach has been assessed using the smart city system is comprised of various sections, including EVs, smart grid, microgrid, and SSH, demonstrating the credibility and accuracy of this study

Contemporary review of risk-stratified management in acute uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis

BACKGROUND: Acute colonic diverticulitis is a common clinical condition. Severity of the disease is based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological investigations and dictates the need for medical or surgical intervention. Recent clinical trials have improved the understanding of the natural history of the disease resulting in new approaches to and better evidence for the management of acute diverticulitis. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library (years 2004-2015), MEDLINE (years 2004-2015), and EMBASE (years 2004-2015) databases. We used the search terms "diverticulitis, colonic" or "acute diverticulitis" or "divertic*" in combination with the terms "management," "antibiotics," "non-operative," or "surgery." Registers for clinical trials (such as the WHO registry and the https://clinicaltrials.gov/) were searched for ongoing, recruiting, or closed trials not yet published. RESULTS: Antibiotic treatment can be avoided in simple, non-complicated diverticulitis and outpatient management is safe. The management of complicated disease, ranging from a localized abscess to perforation with diffuse peritonitis, has changed towards either percutaneous or minimally invasive approaches in selected cases. The role of laparoscopic lavage without resection in perforated non-fecal diverticulitis is still debated; however, recent evidence from two randomised controlled trials has found a higher re-intervention in this group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: A shift in management has occurred towards conservative management in acute uncomplicated disease. Those with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis may be treated without antibiotics. For complicated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis, the use of peritoneal lavage appears to be non-superior to resection

Iranian joint registry (iranian national hip and knee arthroplasty registry)

Periodic evaluation and monitoring the health and economic outcome of joint replacement surgery is a common and popular process under the territory of joint registries in many countries. In this article we introduce the methodology used for the foundation of the National Iranian Joint Registry (IJR) with a joint collaboration of the Social Security Organization (SSO) and academic research departments considering the requirements of the Iran's Ministry of Health and Education. ©BY THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London