Relationship Between Fluoride Levels In The Public Water Supply And Dental Fluorosis

Objective: To assess the prevalence of dental flourosis among schoolchildren subjected to different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply of their cities. Methods: The sample comprised 386 seven-year-old schoolchildren living in two municipalities in the State of São Paulo that practiced external control over the fluoridation of the water from 1998 to 2002: one with homogenous fluoride concentration and the other with oscillating concentration. Dental fluorosis was determined by dry examination of the upper permanent incisors using Dean's index. Scores classified as questionable were considered to represent fluorosis. Sociodemographic variables and questions regarding oral health were assessed using a structured questionnaire sent to the children's parents or the adults responsible for these children. Correlates of fluorosis were assessed using multivariate logistic regression (p<0.05). Results: Both municipalities presented a mild degree of fluorosis. The prevalence of fluorosis in the municipality with oscillating fluoride content in the water was 31.4%, and it was 79.9% in the municipality with homogenous fluoride content. The prevalence of fluorosis was associated with the municipality with homogeneous fluoride levels in the water (OR=8.33, 95% CI: 5.15; 13.45) and with not owning a car (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.27;3.49). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was higher in the city with better control of fluoride levels in the water supply, however, this higher prevalence was not related with children's satisfaction with the appearance of their teeth.415732739Aoba, T., Fejerskov, O., Dental fluorosis: Chemistry and biology (2002) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 13 (2), pp. 155-170Bårdsen, A., Risk periods associated with the development of dental fluorosis in maxillary permanent central incisors: A meta-analysis (1999) Acta Odontol Scand, 57 (5), pp. 247-256Clark, D.C., Berkowitz, J., The influence of various fluoride exposures on the prevalence of esthetic problems resulting from dental fluorosis (1997) J Public Health Dent, 57 (3), pp. 144-149Clark, D.C., Hann, H.J., Williamson, M.F., Berkowitz, J., Influence of exposure to various fluoride technologies on the prevalence of dental (1994) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 22 (6), pp. 461-464Cypriano S, Sousa MLR, Rihs LB, Wada RS. Prevalência e severidade da fluorose dentária em Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. RPG Rev Pos Grad. 2004;11(1):67-73Evans, R.W., Stamm, J.W., An epidemiological estimate of the critical period during which human maxillary central incisors are most susceptible to fluorosis (1991) J Publ Health Dent, 51 (4), pp. 251-259Fejerskov, O., Manji, F., Baelum, V., The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man (1990) J Dent Res, p. 69. , Spec No:692-700Frazão, P., Peverari, A.C., Forni, T.I., Mota, A.G., Costa, L.R., Fluorose dentária: Comparação de dois estudos de prevalência (2004) Cad Saude Publica, 20 (4), pp. 1050-1058Horowitz, H.S., Grand Rapids: The public health story (1989) J Public Health Dent, 49 (1), pp. 62-63Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., (1989) Applied logistic regression, , New York: John Wiley & Sons;Mackay, T.D., Thomsom, W.M., Enamel defects and dental caries among Southland children (2005) N Z Dent J, 101 (2), pp. 35-43Maltz, M., Silva, B.B., Relação entre cárie, gengivite e fluorose e nível sócio-econômico em escolares (2001) Rev Saude Publica, 35 (2), pp. 170-176Narvai, P.C., Fluoretação da água: Heterocontrole no município de São Paulo no período de 1990-1999 (2000) Rev Bras Ondontol Saude Coletiva, 1 (2), pp. 50-56Nunn, J.H., Ekanayake, L., Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Saparamadu, K.D., Assessment of enamel opacities in children in Sri Lanka and England using a photographic method (1993) Community Dent Health, 10 (2), pp. 175-188Levantamento Epidemiológico básico de saúde bucal: Manual de instruções (1991) São Paulo: Editora, , Organização Mundial da Saúde, 3 ed, Santos;Tabari, E.D., Ellwood, R., Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Evans, D.J., Davies, R.M., Dental fluorosis in permanent incisor teeth in relation to water fluoridation, social deprivation and toothpaste use in infancy (2000) Br Dent J, 189 (4), pp. 216-220(1962) Public Health Service: Drinking water standards 1962, p. 956. , United States Public Health Service, Washington: Government Printing Office;, Public Health Service PublicationVan Nieuwenhuysen, J.P., Carvalho, J.C., D'Hoore, W., Caries reduction in Belgian 12-year-old children related to socioeconomic status (2002) Acta Odontol Scand, 60 (2), pp. 123-128(1997) Bucal health surveys: Basic methods, , World Health Organization, 4. ed. Geneva;World Health Organization. Fluorides and Oral Health. Geneva1994. (Who Technical Report Series, 846

An algebraic/numerical formalism for one-loop multi-leg amplitudes

We present a formalism for the calculation of multi-particle one-loop amplitudes, valid for an arbitrary number N of external legs, and for massive as well as massless particles. A new method for the tensor reduction is suggested which naturally isolates infrared divergences by construction. We prove that for N>4, higher dimensional integrals can be avoided. We derive many useful relations which allow for algebraic simplifications of one-loop amplitudes. We introduce a form factor representation of tensor integrals which contains no inverse Gram determinants by choosing a convenient set of basis integrals. For the evaluation of these basis integrals we propose two methods: An evaluation based on the analytical representation, which is fast and accurate away from exceptional kinematical configurations, and a robust numerical one, based on multi-dimensional contour deformation. The formalism can be implemented straightforwardly into a computer program to calculate next-to-leading order corrections to multi-particle processes in a largely automated way.Comment: 71 pages, 7 figures, formulas for rank 6 pentagons added in Appendix

Determining the Higgs Boson Self Coupling at Hadron Colliders

Inclusive Standard Model Higgs boson pair production at hadron colliders has the capability to determine the Higgs boson self-coupling, lambda. We present a detailed analysis of the gg\to HH\to (W^+W^-)(W^+W^-)\to (jjl^\pm\nu)(jj{l'}^\pm\nu) and gg\to HH\to (W^+W^-)(W^+W^-)\to (jjl^\pm\nu)({l'}^\pm\nu {l''}^\mp\nu) (l, {l'}, {l''}=e, \mu) signal channels, and the relevant background processes, for the CERN Large Hadron Collider, and a future Very Large Hadron Collider operating at a center-of-mass energy of 200 TeV. We also derive quantitative sensitivity limits for lambda. We find that it should be possible at the LHC with design luminosity to establish that the Standard Model Higgs boson has a non-zero self-coupling and that lambda / lambda_{SM} can be restricted to a range of 0-3.8 at 95% confidence level (CL) if its mass is between 150 and 200 GeV. At a 200 TeV collider with an integrated luminosity of 300 fb^{-1}, lambda can be determined with an accuracy of 8 - 25% at 95% CL in the same mass range.Comment: 28 pages, Revtex3, 9 figures, 3 table

A Phenomenological Analysis of Gluon Mass Effects in Inclusive Radiative Decays of the J/ψ\rm{J/\psi} and $\Upsilon

The shapes of the inclusive photon spectra in the processes \Jp \to \gamma X and \Up \to \gamma X have been analysed using all available experimental data. Relativistic, higher order QCD and gluon mass corrections were taken into account in the fitted functions. Only on including the gluon mass corrections, were consistent and acceptable fits obtained. Values of $0.721^{+0.016}_{-0.068}$ GeV and $1.18^{+0.09}_{-0.29}$ GeV were found for the effective gluon masses (corresponding to Born level diagrams) for the \Jp and \Up respectively. The width ratios \Gamma(V \to {\rm hadrons})/\Gamma(V \to \gamma+ {\rm hadrons}) V=\Jp, \Up were used to determine $\alpha_s(1.5 {\rm GeV})$ and $\alpha_s(4.9 {\rm GeV})$. Values consistent with the current world average $\alpha_s$ were obtained only when gluon mass correction factors, calculated using the fitted values of the effective gluon mass, were applied. A gluon mass $\simeq 1$ GeV, as suggested with these results, is consistent with previous analytical theoretical calculations and independent phenomenological estimates, as well as with a recent, more accurate, lattice calculation of the gluon propagator in the infra-red region.Comment: 50 pages, 11 figures, 15 table

Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton-proton collisions at s=2.76\sqrt{s} = 2.76 TeV

The $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections of the prompt (B feed-down subtracted) charmed mesons D$^0$, D$^+$, and D$^{*+}$ in the rapidity range $|y|<0.5$, and for transverse momentum $1< p_{\rm T} <12$ GeV/$c$, were measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis exploited the hadronic decays D$^0 \rightarrow$K$\pi$, D$^+ \rightarrow$K$\pi\pi$, D$^{*+} \rightarrow$D$^0\pi$, and their charge conjugates, and was performed on a $L_{\rm int} = 1.1$ nb$^{-1}$ event sample collected in 2011 with a minimum-bias trigger. The total charm production cross section at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and at 7 TeV was evaluated by extrapolating to the full phase space the $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and our previous measurements at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The results were compared to existing measurements and to perturbative-QCD calculations. The fraction of cdbar D mesons produced in a vector state was also determined.Comment: 20 pages, 5 captioned figures, 4 tables, authors from page 15, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/307

"O amor dos começos": por uma história das relações com a escola "Love for beginnings": towards a history of relationships with the school

Este texto explicita e discute peculiaridades das relações que os indivíduos, homens e mulheres (alunos e professores), mantêm com a escola e com as diferentes disciplinas e os significados dessas relações em histórias de escolarização, com base em depoimentos presentes na literatura, nas autobiografias e nos relatos de formação intelectual de alunos e professores já atuantes. Pretende-se, com a análise, propor novas modalidades de formação favoráveis ao conhecimentos e, assim, ultrapassar concepções de que essas relações são contaminadas por vagos atributos como o interesse ou o desinteresse dos alunos.<br>This article explains and discusses the particulars of the relationship men and women (students and teachers) maintain with the school and how the different disciplines and the meanings of these relations appear in their schooling histories. The information is based on reports in the literature, in autobiographies and in reports of the intellectual training of already active students and teachers. It intends, with analysis, to propose new ways of favorable training to knowledge and thus getting beyond conceptions that these relationships are contaminated by vague attributes, such as an interest or disinterest in students

PROFESSOR E PROFESSOR DE MATEMÁTICA: DAS INFORMAÇÕES QUE SE TEM ACERCA DA FORMAÇÃO QUE SE ESPERA

O presente artigo faz um levantamento da bibliografia disponível acerca da formação de professores em cursos de licenciatura, iniciando com um tratamento hermenêutico ao termo "formação", passando pela atual situação dos docentes no estado de São Paulo. Caracteriza a constituição das instituições formadoras e levanta aspectos convergentes em relação ao tratamento do tema na literatura. Finalmente são feitas considerações específicas sobre a formação dos professores em cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática.<br>This paper makes a review of the literature on teacher training, begining with hermeneutical remarks on the word "formation". It discusses the actual context of teaching in the State of São Paulo, focusing the constitution of training programmes in universities, and bring some convergent features about this theme available in the literature. Finally, this work focuses the training of Mathematics teachers