LOS PROGRAMAS SOCIALES PARA EL CAMPO ¿UNA FUENTE DE DESARROLLO RURAL O DE ASISTENCIA A LA POBREZA? CASO ACAMBAY, ESTADO DE MEXICO 2012-2015.

El interés particular y objetivo de esta investigación, es demostrar que las últimas Administraciones Públicas Federales no han tenido la capacidad de resolver el carente desarrollo rural en nuestro país, es decir que sus enfoques macro y micro económicos no han permitido mejorar la calidad de vida en el campo. El proyecto pretende demostrar que los programas particulares de atención al campo, como Procampo y Pro Agro Productivos, no han mitigado la pobreza y el desarrollo en la ruralidad mexicana se ha visto escueto

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

Peer reviewe

Diversidad apifloristica y el comportamiento de forrajeo estacional de apis mellifera en dos paisajes diferente de selva central, región Junín Perú.

TesisCon el objetivo de determinar cómo varía la diversidad apiflorística y el comportamiento de forrajeo estacional de Apis mellifera en dos paisajes diferentes de Selva Central, región Junín, Perú; se recolectaron 24 muestras de miel y 24 de cargas de polen de las abejas en estación de cosecha (agosto, septiembre y octubre del 2016) en ocho apiarios del distrito de Pichanaki, provincia de Chanchamayo, región Junín, ubicados en dos paisajes (cuatro apiarios por paisaje) y a diferentes altitudes (580, 900, 1100, 1250 msnm). Las muestras de los tres meses fueron mezcladas y luego analizadas palinológicamente en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de la Universidad Nacional deCentro del Perú, distrito de El Tambo, provincia de Huancayo, región Junín. Los resultados indicaron un total de 55 tipos polínicos correspondientes a 29 familias botánicas. La variación de la flora apícola nectarífera fue en el P1 52 y en el P2 70 taxones. La flora apícola polinífera fue en el P1 39 y en el P2 45 taxones. La flora apícola nectaropolinífera fue en el P1 17 y en el P2 26 taxones. Los recursos florísticos más importantes fueron 10 taxones en el P1 y 12 taxones en el P2, considerándose como recursos florísticos potenciales 26 taxones en el P1 y 30 taxones en el P2. El estrato de vegetación que mejor representó fue el arbóreo, luego del arbustivo y el herbáceo para ambos paisajes. En el P1 se registró dos mieles biflorales a 1100 msnm y 1250 msnm, una miel monofloral a 900 msnm y una miel multifloral a 580 msnm. En el P2 se registró las cuatro mieles biflorales ubicadas en todos los pisos altitudinales. Se concluye que la variación de la diversidad apiflorística en el P2 fue mayor que el P1 y el comportamiento de forrajeo de Apis mellifera fue el mismo para ambos paisajes

Hybridization between European and African-derived honeybee populations (Apis mellifera) at different altitudes in Perú

The current status of admixture between Apis mellifera of African and European origin was studied in populations from different altitudinal regions of Perú. Worker bees from 7 altitudinal regions were analysed by morphometrics and mtDNA RFLPs. Our results showed that the rates of admixture between African-derived and resident European populations have depended on the altitude of the region. Our finding of hybrid colonies at elevations above 2 500 m supports the hypothesis that climate alone may not restrain the northern limit of the distribution of African-derived honeybees in the Americas. We conclude that introgressive hybridization between African and European derived honeybees best explains the current patterns of distribution of morphotypes and mitotypes across the different regions of Peru

Analysis of Oxidative Stress Enzymes and Structural and Functional Proteins on Human Aortic Tissue from Different Aortopathies

The role of oxidative stress in different aortopathies is evaluated. Thirty-two tissue samples from 18 men and 14 women were divided into: 4 control (C) subjects, 11 patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), 4 with variants of Marfan’s syndrome (MV), 9 with Marfan’s syndrome (M), 2 with Turner’s syndrome, and 2 with Takayasu’s arteritis (TA). Aorta fragments were homogenized. Lipoperoxidation (LPO), copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn and Cu-Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), nitrates and nitrites (NO3−/NO2−), and type IV collagen, and laminin were evaluated. There was an increase in Mn- and Cu-Zn-SOD activity in SAH, MV, M, and Turner’s syndrome. There was also an increase in CAT activity in M and Turner’ syndrome. GPx and GST activity decreased and LPO increased in all groups. eNOS was decreased in SAH, MV, and M and NO3−/NO2− were increased in SAH and TA. Type IV collagen was decreased in Turner’s syndrome and TA. Laminin γ-1 was decreased in MV and increased in M. In conclusion, similarities and differences in oxidative stress in the different aortopathies studied including pathologies with aneurysms were found with alterations in SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and eNOS activity that modify subendothelial basement membrane proteins

Identification and Validation of Novel Reference Genes in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia for Droplet Digital PCR

Droplet digital PCR is the most robust method for absolute nucleic acid quantification. However, RNA is a very versatile molecule and its abundance is tissue-dependent. RNA quantification is dependent on a reference control to estimate the abundance. Additionally, in cancer, many cellular processes are deregulated which consequently affects the gene expression profiles. In this work, we performed microarray data mining of different childhood cancers and healthy controls. We selected four genes that showed no gene expression variations (PSMB6, PGGT1B, UBQLN2 and UQCR2) and four classical reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, RPL4 and RPS18). Gene expression was validated in 40 acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples by means of droplet digital PCR. We observed that PSMB6, PGGT1B, UBQLN2 and UQCR2 were expressed ~100 times less than ACTB, GAPDH, RPL4 and RPS18. However, we observed excellent correlations among the new reference genes (p < 0.0001). We propose that PSMB6, PGGT1B, UBQLN2 and UQCR2 are housekeeping genes with low expression in childhood cancer

SOLATINA: a Latin-American Bee Research Association to foster the interactions between scientists and coordinate large-scale research programs

Bees (members of the super family Apoidea) are the main pollinators in modern agro-ecosystems, where they have a critical positive effect on yield improvement for about 75% of world's crops (Klein et al., 2007; Potts et al., 2016). However, there is evidence of a worldwide decline in the populations of wild bees, and numerous reports of high colony losses of managed bees, which may disrupt crop pollination, honey production and the reproduction of bee-pollinated wild plants (Potts et al., 2010), leading to negative social, economic and ecological effects (Potts et al., 2016). Latin America (hereafter, LA) is home to about 8 million managed honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) which produce more than 200000 tons of honey annually (FAOSTAT, 2018). Several Latin American countries are among the global top 20 in terms of honey production and beehives stock, such as Argentina, Brazil and Mexico (García, 2018; Requier et al., 2018). Moreover, LA hosts a unique fauna of native bees, with about 5,000 identified species, including 391 species of the native stingless bees in the tribu Meliponini (Camargo & Pedro, 2008; Freitas et al., 2009). Some of those native stingless bees are managed since ancient times to produce honey through the practice of “Meliponiculture” (Jaffé et al., 2015). Latin American bee research has contributed to improve our understanding of problems relevant for apiculture, bee diversity and the causes of bee population decline in the region among other topics (see e.g., Maggi et al., 2016; Morales, Arbetman, Cameron, & Aizen, 2013; Vandame & Palacio, 2010). These scientific achievements are mostly the result of research efforts led by groups working independently rather than the product of cooperative research efforts between different countries. We argue that the strength, impact, and relevance of these research efforts, for apiculture and bees in the region, can be improved by promoting interactions between Latin American bee scientists and coordinating large-scale research programs.Fil: Antúnez, Karina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas "Clemente Estable"; UruguayFil: Requier, Fabrice. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Aldea Sánchez, Patricia. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Basualdo, Marina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Branchiccella, Belén. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas "Clemente Estable"; UruguayFil: Calderón, Rafael. Universidad Nacional; Costa RicaFil: Correa Benítez, Adriana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Delgado Cañedo, Andres. Universidade Federal do Pampa; BrasilFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Morales, Carolina Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Castro, Eleazar. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú; PerúFil: Plischuk, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Porrini, Martín Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Segui Goncalves, Lionel. Universidad Federal Rural do Semiarido; BrasilFil: Tapia González, José María. Universidad de Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: Torres, Alejandra. Universidad de Pamplona; ColombiaFil: Velarde, Rodrigo. Instituto Apícola Boliviano; BoliviaFil: Invernizzi, Ciro. Universidad de la República; Urugua

First large-scale study reveals important losses of managed honey bee and stingless bee colonies in Latin America

International audienceOver the last quarter century, increasing honey bee colony losses motivated standardized large-scale surveys of managed honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), particularly in Europe and the United States. Here we present the first large-scale standardized survey of colony losses of managed honey bees and stingless bees across Latin America. Overall, 1736 beekeepers and 165 meliponiculturists participated in the 2-year survey (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). On average, 30.4% of honey bee colonies and 39.6% of stingless bee colonies were lost per year across the region. Summer losses were higher than winter losses in stingless bees (30.9% and 22.2%, respectively) but not in honey bees (18.8% and 20.6%, respectively). Colony loss increased with operation size during the summer in both honey bees and stingless bees and decreased with operation size during the winter in stingless bees. Furthermore, losses differed significantly between countries and across years for both beekeepers and meliponiculturists. Overall, winter losses of honey bee colonies in Latin America (20.6%) position this region between Europe (12.5%) and the United States (40.4%). These results highlight the magnitude of bee colony losses occurring in the region and suggest difficulties in maintaining overall colony health and economic survival for beekeepers and meliponiculturists

Assembling the Dead, Gathering the Living: Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)

The great site of Valencina de la Concepción, near Seville in the lower Guadalquivir valley of southwest Spain, is presented in the context of debate about the nature of Copper Age society in southern Iberia as a whole. Many aspects of the layout, use, character and development of Valencina remain unclear, just as there are major unresolved questions about the kind of society represented there and in southern Iberia, from the late fourth to the late third millennium cal BC. This paper discusses 178 radiocarbon dates, from 17 excavated sectors within the c. 450 ha site, making it the best dated in later Iberian prehistory as a whole. Dates are modelled in a Bayesian statistical framework. The resulting formal date estimates provide the basis for both a new epistemological approach to the site and a much more detailed narrative of its development than previously available. Beginning in the 32nd century cal BC, a long-lasting tradition of simple, mainly collective and often successive burial was established at the site. Mud-vaulted tholoi appear to belong to the 29th or 28th centuries cal BC; large stone-vaulted tholoi such as La Pastora appear to date later in the sequence. There is plenty of evidence for a wide range of other activity, but no clear sign of permanent, large-scale residence or public buildings or spaces. Results in general support a model of increasingly competitive but ultimately unstable social relations, through various phases of emergence, social competition, display and hierarchisation, and eventual decline, over a period of c. 900 years

Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial

Background: Survival outcomes are poor for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who receive standard, first-line, platinum-based chemotherapy. We assessed the overall survival of patients who received durvalumab (a PD-L1 inhibitor), with or without tremelimumab (a CTLA-4 inhibitor), as a first-line treatment for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Methods: DANUBE is an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial in patients with untreated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, conducted at 224 academic research centres, hospitals, and oncology clinics in 23 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. We randomly assigned patients (1:1:1) to receive durvalumab monotherapy (1500 mg) administered intravenously every 4 weeks; durvalumab (1500 mg) plus tremelimumab (75 mg) administered intravenously every 4 weeks for up to four doses, followed by durvalumab maintenance (1500 mg) every 4 weeks; or standard-of-care chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin, depending on cisplatin eligibility) administered intravenously for up to six cycles. Randomisation was done through an interactive voice–web response system, with stratification by cisplatin eligibility, PD-L1 status, and presence or absence of liver metastases, lung metastases, or both. The coprimary endpoints were overall survival compared between the durvalumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy groups in the population of patients with high PD-L1 expression (the high PD-L1 population) and between the durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy groups in the intention-to-treat population (all randomly assigned patients). The study has completed enrolment and the final analysis of overall survival is reported. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02516241, and the EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT number 2015-001633-24. Findings: Between Nov 24, 2015, and March 21, 2017, we randomly assigned 1032 patients to receive durvalumab (n=346), durvalumab plus tremelimumab (n=342), or chemotherapy (n=344). At data cutoff (Jan 27, 2020), median follow-up for survival was 41·2 months (IQR 37·9–43·2) for all patients. In the high PD-L1 population, median overall survival was 14·4 months (95% CI 10·4–17·3) in the durvalumab monotherapy group (n=209) versus 12·1 months (10·4–15·0) in the chemotherapy group (n=207; hazard ratio 0·89, 95% CI 0·71–1·11; p=0·30). In the intention-to-treat population, median overall survival was 15·1 months (13·1–18·0) in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group versus 12·1 months (10·9–14·0) in the chemotherapy group (0·85, 95% CI 0·72–1·02; p=0·075). In the safety population, grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 47 (14%) of 345 patients in the durvalumab group, 93 (27%) of 340 patients in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group, and in 188 (60%) of 313 patients in the chemotherapy group. The most common grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event was increased lipase in the durvalumab group (seven [2%] of 345 patients) and in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group (16 [5%] of 340 patients), and neutropenia in the chemotherapy group (66 [21%] of 313 patients). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in 30 (9%) of 345 patients in the durvalumab group, 78 (23%) of 340 patients in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group, and 50 (16%) of 313 patients in the chemotherapy group. Deaths due to study drug toxicity were reported in two (1%) patients in the durvalumab group (acute hepatic failure and hepatitis), two (1%) patients in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group (septic shock and pneumonitis), and one (<1%) patient in the chemotherapy group (acute kidney injury). Interpretation: This study did not meet either of its coprimary endpoints. Further research to identify the patients with previously untreated metastatic urothelial carcinoma who benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, either alone or in combination regimens, is warranted. Funding: AstraZeneca