El impacto del liderazgo tóxico en el clima laboral y el rendimiento de los empleados

Este artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el fenómeno del liderazgo tóxico y su impacto en las organizaciones y sus colaboradores. La metodología utilizada incluye una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el concepto de liderazgo, su evolución histórica y las manifestaciones de liderazgo tóxico en el entorno laboral. El enfoque del estudio es cualitativo, analizando comportamientos y características específicas de líderes tóxicos y sus consecuencias. El estudio comienza definiendo el liderazgo como la capacidad de influir en un grupo para alcanzar metas, y se destaca cómo ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo. Desde la época medieval, donde los trabajadores eran considerados propiedad de los señores feudales, hasta la era actual, donde se valora la influencia positiva de un líder en la consecución de objetivos para el bien común. Entre los resultados más destacados se encuentran las diversas manifestaciones de liderazgo tóxico, tanto pasivas como activas, y cómo afectan el clima laboral y el bienestar psicológico de los colaboradores. Se identifican comportamientos contraproducentes como autoritarismo, autopromoción, supervisión excesiva y falta de empatía. Las principales conclusiones indican que el liderazgo tóxico tiene efectos perjudiciales en la productividad y el compromiso organizacional. Los colaboradores expuestos a líderes tóxicos experimentan altos niveles de estrés laboral, síndrome de burnout y acoso psicológico. Además, se destaca la importancia del feedback y la retroalimentación efectiva como estrategia para combatir el liderazgo tóxico y promover un ambiente laboral más positivo y motivador. Este estudio arroja luz sobre el fenómeno del liderazgo tóxico, sus características y consecuencias, y se destaca la importancia de implementar estrategias para prevenir y combatir el liderazgo tóxico en las organizaciones. Es esencial evaluar a los líderes de manera adecuada, fortalecer la cultura empresarial, promover la comunicación abierta y efectiva y fomentar un ambiente de trabajo basado en el respeto y la colaboración.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereira -- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y Contables -- Especialización en Alta GerenciaThis research article aims to analyze the phenomenon of toxic leadership and its impact on organizations and their employees. The methodology used includes an exhaustive literature review on the concept of leadership, its historical evolution, and manifestations of toxic leadership in the workplace. The study takes a qualitative approach, analyzing specific behaviors and characteristics of toxic leaders and their consequences. The study begins by defining leadership as the ability to influence a group to achieve goals, highlighting how it has evolved over time. From the medieval era, where workers were considered property of feudal lords, to the present era, where the positive influence of a leader in achieving common goals is valued. Among the most notable results are the various manifestations of toxic leadership, both passive and active, and how they affect the work environment and psychological well-being of employees. Counterproductive behaviors such as authoritarianism, self-promotion, excessive supervision, and lack of empathy are identified. The main conclusions indicate that toxic leadership has detrimental effects on productivity and organizational commitment. Employees exposed to toxic leaders experience high levels of work-related stress, burnout syndrome, and psychological harassment. Furthermore, the importance of feedback and effective communication as a strategy to combat toxic leadership and promote a more positive and motivating work environment is emphasized. This study sheds light on the phenomenon of toxic leadership, its characteristics, and consequences, and highlights the importance of implementing strategies to prevent and combat toxic leadership in organizations. It is essential to properly assess leaders, strengthen the organizational culture, promote open and effective communication, and foster a work environment based on respect and collaboration

Influência dos fatores climáticos no desempenho de módulos fotovoltaicos em regiões de clima tropical

Regions with tropical climate, like the Brazilian northeast, offers different real conditions compared with the STC conditions, for Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Because of that, this study collected different researches and expressions used to calculated the FV operating temperature (Tc), in order to determine which of those expressions better approach to the measured Tc under real operating conditions for a PV system connected to the grid, in a tropical region. During this study, were determined that apart of the ambient temperature, the irradiance and the wind speed, the relative humidity can also affects the PV performance and temperature, because the relative humidity interrupts the solar irradiance rays, and also increases the cell temperature. Out of ten equations found in the literature, the expressions that better approach to the measured cell temperature (Tc) were the proposed by Tamizhmani (±2,11%) and Loveday & Taki (±3,25%). Using the measured database, and considering the relative humidity, it was also proposed a new linear model for Tc, with a MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of ±1,45%, suitable for the m-Si PV models installed on the CEAR building, in a tropical climate.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESRegiões com clima tropical, como o Nordeste brasileiro, oferecem condições reais diferentes em relação às condições STC, para sistemas fotovoltaicos (PV). Por isso, esta pesquisa recolheu diferentes pesquisas e expressões utilizadas para calcular a temperatura de operação (Tc) do painéis, a fim de determinar quais dessas expressões se aproximam melhor do Tc medido em condições reais de operação de um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede, em uma região tropical. Durante este estudo, foram determinados que além da temperatura ambiente, a irradiância e a velocidade do vento, a umidade relativa também pode afetar a temperatura PV subsequentemente o desempenho, porque a umidade relativa interrompe os raios de irradiação solar, e também aumenta a temperatura da célula. Das dez equações encontradas na literatura, as expressões que melhor se aproximam da temperatura da célula medida (Tc) foram as propostas por Tamizhmani (± 2,11%) e Loveday & Taki (± 3,25%). Utilizando a base de dados medida e considerando a umidade relativa, foi proposto também um novo modelo linear para Tc, com um MAE (Mean Absolute Error) de ± 1,45%.Por outro lado, determinouse que as equações para calcular Tc (equações usadas também para calcular a eficiência), propostas por Nusselt e Jurgues, e por Servant apresentam uma predição da eficiência FV de 0,084±10,4% e 0,085±9,1%, respetivamente. Por outro lado, as regressões lineares apresentadas por Muzathik e Tamizhmani, predizem uma eficiência de conversão de 0,080±14% e 0,087±7,7%, respetivamente. Por fim, é proposto também um modelo linear para calcular a eficiência de conversão sob as condições específicas dos módulos em operação e ligados na rede, no prédio do CEAR, estimando uma eficiência FV de 0,085±0,8% para condições de céu limpo, e considerando a umidade relativa do ar

Programa de alimentación escolar (PAE) ración industrializada, en el municipio Villanueva – Casanare, Instituto Educativo Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Manare – 2019.

La Ley 1450 de 2011 realiza traslado del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF) al Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN) la orientación, ejecución y articulación del Programa de Alimentación Escolar (PAE), cuyo objetivo es suministrar un complemento alimentario que contribuya al acceso con permanencia en la jornada académica de los niños, niñas, adolescentes y jóvenes registrados en las diferentes instituciones a nivel Nacional y así formar hábitos alimentarios saludables. El programa de Alimentación Escolar “PAE” se encuentra reglamentado mediante la Resolución 29452 de 2017 del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, por la cual se expiden los lineamientos técnicos, administrativos, estándares y condiciones mínimas exigidas. Para poder seleccionar en la Instituciones educativas las modalidades "Preparada en sitio o Industrializada”, se realiza un estudio de infraestructura del comer escolar, acceso al personal público y dotación de equipos, etc. En el año 2019 el Instituto Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Manare en el Municipio de Villanueva Casanare, se implementó el programa de alimentación Escolar Ración Industrializada a los alumnos priorizados, de los grados primero a quinto de primaria El contratista de dicha licitación da el aval para que los estudiantes de la Especialización en gestión Pública de la universidad Nacional Abierta y A Distancia “UNAD”, puedan indagar y buscar soluciones a los diferentes interrogantes de insatisfacción que presentan los estudiantes beneficiados por el programa de alimentación escolar “Ración Industrializada”. En este orden de ideas, esta información permitirá analizar las deficiencias que existen en el programa, debido a que éste se ejecuta con recursos del estado, realizando un análisis sobre la aplicación de la política pública en el municipio. Por lo anterior, se pretende evidenciar las falencias desde el orden organizacional, así como la ejecución que realiza el Consorcio, con respecto a la percepción de calidad de los productos que reciben los niños, niñas, jóvenes y adolescentes beneficiados, de esta manera sugerir recomendaciones de mejoramiento que permitan la satisfacción de la población objetivo.The law 1450 of 2011 transfers the orientation, execution, and articulation of the School Feeding Program (PAE in Spanish) from the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF in Spanish) to the Ministry of National Education (MEN in Spanish.) The aim of the PAE is to provide a food supplement to the children registered throughout all the public schools in the country. It contributes to their permanent access to it during the school day and to form healthy eating habits. The PAE is regulated by the resolution 29452 from 2017 issued by the MEN. It contains the technical and administrative guidelines, standards, and minimum requirements. To select the modalities in the schools (produced locally or industrialized), an infrastructure of the school canteens, access to public personal, and equipment supply studies were performed. In 2019, the institute “Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Manare” located in Villanueva, Casanare, Colombia implemented the School Feeding Program – industrialized ration among the prioritized students in junior school. The bidding contractor granted the permission to the “Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia” (UNAD in Spanish) students of the Public Management Specialization program to research and give solutions to the different dissatisfaction issues presented by the students benefited by the industrialized ration school feeding program. This information allowed us to analyze the deficiencies in the program, since it is executed with public resources, carrying out an analysis on the application of the public policy in the city. Therefore, the aim is to show the shortcomings from the organizational point of view, as well as the execution carried out by the consortium regarding the perception of the quality of the products received by the benefited children; thus, suggesting recommendations for improvement that will allow the satisfaction of the target population

ANÁLISIS DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS REDES HACIA UN ENTORNO NETAMENTE ÓPTICO

En las redes de transporte de conmutación automática (ASTN), los servicios pueden configurarse, modificarse y liberarse bajo demanda utilizando diversos mecanismos en el plano de control. En la actualidad, este nuevo paradigma de aprovisionamiento se está estandarizando bajo las bondades de las redes ópticas con conmutación automática (ASON) y la conmutación generalizada por etiquetas multiprotocolo (GMPLS). Este artículo ofrece una visión general de los marcos de ASON y GMPLS en la etapa actual de su desarrollo, revisando primero sus antecedentes y luego analizando las funciones particulares de los métodos de enrutamiento y señalización de cada uno de ellos en la red, incluyendo los modelos de características de red y la arquitectura del plano de control que cada uno propone. Al finalizar se presenta un marco de comparación de los conceptos, revisando las semejanzas y diferencias de los dos recursos y presentando el alcance actual de las redes soportadas bajo una amalgama de arquitecturas GMPLS/ASON, como respuesta a los requerimientos actuales de transmisión de información y confiabilidad a nivel backbone

Contribution of common and rare variants to bipolar disorder susceptibility in extended pedigrees from population isolates.

Current evidence from case/control studies indicates that genetic risk for psychiatric disorders derives primarily from numerous common variants, each with a small phenotypic impact. The literature describing apparent segregation of bipolar disorder (BP) in numerous multigenerational pedigrees suggests that, in such families, large-effect inherited variants might play a greater role. To identify roles of rare and common variants on BP, we conducted genetic analyses in 26 Colombia and Costa Rica pedigrees ascertained for bipolar disorder 1 (BP1), the most severe and heritable form of BP. In these pedigrees, we performed microarray SNP genotyping of 838 individuals and high-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 449 individuals. We compared polygenic risk scores (PRS), estimated using the latest BP1 genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, between BP1 individuals and related controls. We also evaluated whether BP1 individuals had a higher burden of rare deleterious single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and rare copy number variants (CNVs) in a set of genes related to BP1. We found that compared with unaffected relatives, BP1 individuals had higher PRS estimated from BP1 GWAS statistics (P = 0.001 ~ 0.007) and displayed modest increase in burdens of rare deleterious SNVs (P = 0.047) and rare CNVs (P = 0.002 ~ 0.033) in genes related to BP1. We did not observe rare variants segregating in the pedigrees. These results suggest that small-to-moderate effect rare and common variants are more likely to contribute to BP1 risk in these extended pedigrees than a few large-effect rare variants

Surgical Patterns of Care in Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy and Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Results of a Secondary Analysis of TBCRC 017

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) down-stages advanced primary tumors, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being the most sensitive imaging predictor of response. However, the impact of MRI evaluation on surgical treatment decisions in the neoadjuvant setting has not been well described. We report surgical patterns of care across 8 National Cancer Institute comprehensive cancer centers in women receiving both NCT and MRI to evaluate the impact of MRI findings on surgical planning

Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Pathologic Response in Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Systemic Treatment for Operable Breast Cancer (TBCRC 017)

Increased pathologic complete response (pCR) rates observed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) for some subsets of patients with invasive breast cancer has prompted interest in whether patients with pCR can be identified preoperatively and potentially spared the morbidity of surgery. This multicenter retrospective study was performed to estimate the accuracy of preoperative MRI in predicting pCR in the breast

New insights into the molecular mechanisms of general anaesthetics

This paper provides new insights of how general anaesthetic research should be carried out in the future by an analysis of what we know, what we do not know and what we would like to know. I describe previous hypotheses on the mechanism of action of general anaesthetics (GAs) involving membranes and protein receptors. I provide the reasons why the GABA type A receptor, the NMDA receptor and the glycine receptor are strong candidates for the sites of action of GAs. I follow with a review on attempts to provide a mechanism of action, and how future research should be conducted with the help of physical and chemical methods

Contribution of copy number variants to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects

Copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, genome-wide investigation of the contribution of CNV to risk has been hampered by limited sample sizes. We sought to address this obstacle by applying a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden was observed in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7×10−15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7 ×10−6). CNV burden was enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8 ×10−11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P= 7.3 ×10−5). Genome-wide significant evidence was obtained for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Suggestive support was found for eight additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consisted predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination

Genetic correlation between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia

A. Palotie on työryhmän Schizophrenia Working Grp Psychiat jäsen.We have previously shown higher-than-expected rates of schizophrenia in relatives of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting an aetiological relationship between the diseases. Here, we investigate the genetic relationship between ALS and schizophrenia using genome-wide association study data from over 100,000 unique individuals. Using linkage disequilibrium score regression, we estimate the genetic correlation between ALS and schizophrenia to be 14.3% (7.05-21.6; P = 1 x 10(-4)) with schizophrenia polygenic risk scores explaining up to 0.12% of the variance in ALS (P = 8.4 x 10(-7)). A modest increase in comorbidity of ALS and schizophrenia is expected given these findings (odds ratio 1.08-1.26) but this would require very large studies to observe epidemiologically. We identify five potential novel ALS-associated loci using conditional false discovery rate analysis. It is likely that shared neurobiological mechanisms between these two disorders will engender novel hypotheses in future preclinical and clinical studies.Peer reviewe