960 research outputs found
The calibration and measurement of spectrally resolved terrestrial solar irradiance using a low-cost laboratory grade spectrometer.
This thesis aims to produce methods and tools that allow the acquisition of spectrally resolved data in a low-cost manner from which the calculation of spectral influence on electrical energy production of different photovoltaic technologies can be evaluated. For this purpose it was necessary to design a reliable cosine correcting coupler to reduce the error on the angular reading of the fibre optic which inputs the light to the spectrometers. This work produced a paper that demonstrated an improvement over the state of the art instrumentation for fibre coupled irradiance measurement. The second stage focused on the calibration of the spectrometer for long term outdoor spectral data acquisition. This was achieved using the solar terrestrial irradiance as light source. From empirical data acquired by a pyranometer specific time points with near to clear sky were selected to be later used to produce calibration curves. The low-cost method of calibration presented in this thesis is demonstrated to be reliable for low resolution measurements used for solar spectral characterisation.
The spectral time series data acquired allowed a quantitative characterisation of the impact of the climatological conditions of the region on solar irradiance through spectral distributions and clearness indices. The results in spectral variation were used to calculate the influence of the solar spectra difference on the performance for different photovoltaic materials. A small difference in spectral variance was found between seasons, since a-Si presented a gain from summer to winter of +4.0% in contrast to the other technologies which had spectral effects of -5.0%, -5.4%, -6.3% and -7.0% for CdTe, c-Si, high efficiency (HE) c-Si and CIGS respectively. It is shown that the impact of spectral variation is minor when compared with the influence of other performance loss factors such as degradation and temperature, within the UK
Unsupervised identification of significant lineages of SARS-CoV-2 through scalable machine learning methods
Since its emergence in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has diversified into a large number of lineages and caused multiple waves of infection globally. Novel lineages have the potential to spread rapidly and internationally if they have higher intrinsic transmissibility and/or can evade host immune responses, as has been seen with the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern. They can also cause increased mortality and morbidity if they have increased virulence, as was seen for Alpha and Delta. Phylogenetic methods provide the "gold standard" for representing the global diversity of SARS-CoV-2 and to identify newly emerging lineages. However, these methods are computationally expensive, struggle when datasets get too large, and require manual curation to designate new lineages. These challenges provide a motivation to develop complementary methods that can incorporate all of the genetic data available without down-sampling to extract meaningful information rapidly and with minimal curation. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of using algorithmic approaches based on word-statistics to represent whole sequences, bringing speed, scalability, and interpretability to the construction of genetic topologies. While not serving as a substitute for current phylogenetic analyses, the proposed methods can be used as a complementary, and fully automatable, approach to identify and confirm new emerging variants
Cosmic-ray searches with the MATHUSLA detector
The performance of the proposed MATHUSLA detector as an instrument for
studying the physics of cosmic rays by measuring extensive air showers is
presented. The MATHUSLA detector is designed to observe and study the decay of
long-lived particles produced at the pp interaction point of the CMS detector
at CERN during the HL-LHC data-taking period. The proposed MATHUSLA detector
will be composed of many layers of long scintillating bars that cannot measure
more than one hit per bar and correctly report the hit coordinate in case of
multiple hits. This study shows that adding a layer of RPC detectors with both
analogue and digital readout significantly enhances the capabilities of
MATHUSLA to measure the local densities and arrival times of charged particles
at the front of air showers. We discuss open issues in cosmic-ray physics that
the proposed MATHUSLA detector with an additional layer of RPC detectors could
address and conclude by comparing with other air-shower facilities that measure
cosmic rays in the PeV energy range.Comment: 64 pages, 58 figure
Lineage replacement and evolution captured by 3 years of the United Kingdom Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey
The Office for National Statistics Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey (ONS-CIS) is the largest surveillance study of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in the community, and collected data on the United Kingdom (UK) epidemic from April 2020 until March 2023 before being paused. Here, we report on the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 determined by analysing the sequenced samples collected by the ONS-CIS during this period. We observed a series of sweeps or partial sweeps, with each sweeping lineage having a distinct growth advantage compared to their predecessors, although this was also accompanied by a gradual fall in average viral burdens from June 2021 to March 2023. The sweeps also generated an alternating pattern in which most samples had either S-gene target failure (SGTF) or non-SGTF over time. Evolution was characterized by steadily increasing divergence and diversity within lineages, but with step increases in divergence associated with each sweeping major lineage. This led to a faster overall rate of evolution when measured at the between-lineage level compared to within lineages, and fluctuating levels of diversity. These observations highlight the value of viral sequencing integrated into community surveillance studies to monitor the viral epidemiology and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, and potentially other pathogens
Recent Progress and Next Steps for the MATHUSLA LLP Detector
We report on recent progress and next steps in the design of the proposed
MATHUSLA Long Lived Particle (LLP) detector for the HL-LHC as part of the
Snowmass 2021 process. Our understanding of backgrounds has greatly improved,
aided by detailed simulation studies, and significant R&D has been performed on
designing the scintillator detectors and understanding their performance. The
collaboration is on track to complete a Technical Design Report, and there are
many opportunities for interested new members to contribute towards the goal of
designing and constructing MATHUSLA in time for HL-LHC collisions, which would
increase the sensitivity to a large variety of highly motivated LLP signals by
orders of magnitude.Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021 (EF09, EF10, IF6, IF9), 18 pages, 12
figures. v2: included additional endorser
Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe
Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV
Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe
Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV
Peer reviewe
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