Relevance Of Reduced Tillage Practices On Soil Biological, Chemical And Physical Quality And Ecosystem Services Under Organic Farming Context In Britany

Avoiding or limiting ploughing under organic farming management remains a big challenge for organic farmers. By developing an holistic approach, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact, under organic farming management, of different tillage techniques on soil biological, physical and chemical quality and ecosystem services. In an experimental site located in Britany (France) four tillage techniques were compared: conventional ploughing (CP), agronomic ploughing (AP), superficial non-inversed tillage (C15) and very superficial non-inversed tillage (C8). Results, obtained during 10 years (from 2003 to 2013), showed a strong temporal variability between years, however some results appeared consistent. Positive impact of reduced tillage on hydraulic conductivity and organic matter content was limited to the 0-5 cm depth. No-inversed tillage (C15, C8) and agronomical ploughing (AP) significantly improved microbial biomass. C8 is the only technique which significantly decreased nematofauna. Earthworm biomass significantly decreased under conventional ploughing (CP) due to the decrease of anecic species while ploughing techniques (CP, LA) preserved total earthworm abundance due to endogeic species. Endogeic species had a negative impact on hydraulic conductivity whereas anecic enhanced the conductivity and Carbon and Phosphorus contents. No-inversed tillage techniques (C8, C15) leaded to a decrease of the crop yield, due to an increase of weeds which increased water and nutritive competition. This study highlighted the interests and limits of no-inversed techniques and agronomical ploughing applied in organic farming management for enhancing soil quality and crop yield

Soil biodiversity atlas: mapping earthworms of Europe

As a spin-off of the FP7-EU EcoFINDERS project, we are producing a first European soil biodiversity map, with earthworms as the targeted soil organisms

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.Peer reviewe

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change

Pharmacological Stimulation of Edar Signaling in the Adult Enhances Sebaceous Gland Size and Function

Impaired ectodysplasin A (EDA) receptor (EDAR) signaling affects ectodermally derived structures including teeth, hair follicles, and cutaneous glands. The X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), resulting from EDA deficiency, can be rescued with lifelong benefits in animal models by stimulation of ectodermal appendage development with EDAR agonists. Treatments initiated later in the developmental period restore progressively fewer of the affected structures. It is unknown whether EDAR stimulation in adults with XLHED might have beneficial effects. In adult Eda mutant mice treated for several weeks with agonist anti-EDAR antibodies, we find that sebaceous gland size and function can be restored to wild-type levels. This effect is maintained upon chronic treatment but reverses slowly upon cessation of treatment. Sebaceous glands in all skin regions respond to treatment, although to varying degrees, and this is accompanied in both Eda mutant and wild-type mice by sebum secretion to levels higher than those observed in untreated controls. Edar is expressed at the periphery of the glands, suggesting a direct homeostatic effect of Edar stimulation on the sebaceous gland. Sebaceous gland size and sebum production may serve as biomarkers for EDAR stimulation, and EDAR agonists may improve skin dryness and eczema frequently observed in XLHED

Influence des différents apports organiques sur les communautés lombriciennes. Bilan des travaux.

communication oral

Effet de la combinaison de la lombrifiltration et du lagunage à macrophytes sur le recyclage des effluents sur le site d élevage

Wastewater from animal production can pollute soil, water and air. The Experimental Station of Guernevez uses an integrated system to reduce the pollution effects and to improve the recycling of water and nutrients. It associates a pig house with manure flushing, a screen, a vermifilter, lagoons and constructed wetlands. Our results showed the effect of recycling on the stoechiometry of chemical elements in the recycled liquid. The gaseous emission of the vermifiltre are minimised when the earthworm population is maximised. The sink of methane by vermifilter was confirmed. These results indicate that the earthworm abundance could be proposed as a bioindicator of low energy and low emissions in manure transforming systems. Evolution of chemical elements in each part of system indicated that the stoechiometry of nutrients should change in agricultural systems with increased recycling efficiency.Les effluents liquides de la production animale peuvent polluer le sol, l'eau et l'air. La station Expérimental de Guernevez utilise un système intègré pour réduire les pollutions et améliorer le recyclage de l'eau et des nutriments. Il associe à une porcherie avec rinçage des déjections par chasse d'eau, un tamis, un lombrifiltre, des lagunes et des marais filtrants. Nos résultats montrent l'effet du recyclage sur la stoechiométrie des éléments chimiques du liquide. Les émissions de gaz du lombrifiltre sont minimisées quand la population lombricienne est maximisée. Le puit de méthane par le lombrifiltre a été confirmé. Ces résultats indiquent que l'abondance de vers de terre peut être employée comme bio indicateur de faibles émissions dans les systèmes de transformation des effluents. L'évolution des éléments chimiques aux chaque partie du système indique que la stoechiométrie des nutriments devrait changer dans les milieux agricoles et probablement dans les productions où l'efficacité du recyclage est augmentée.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF

The adaptation value of reproductive strategy and mode in three epigeous earthworm species

International audienc

Taxonomy, phylogeny and paleogeography of pheretimoid earthworm species (megascolecidae: amynthas, metaphire) in Hainan Island (China)

Les lombriciens Amynthas et Metaphire sont les deux genres de Megascolecidae qui dominent uniquement dans l'Asie du Sud-Est et de l'Est. Au sud de la Chine, l'île de Hainan possède une biodiversité végétale et animale remarquable et ainsi est reconnue comme un des hotspots de la Chine. Cependant, seules 35 espèces lombriciennes avaitent été décrites avant 2006. En termes de paléogéographie, les points de vue divergent sur son origine tectonique complexe. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de (1) étudier la biodiversité lombricienne sur l'île de Hainan (2) analyser la phylogénie de ces lombriciens et reconstruire leurs états ancestraux (3) analyser la relation entre les caractéristiques morpho-anatomiques et les espèces, y compris celles des régions adjacentes. Aujourd'hui, nous avons recensé 107 espèces et sous-espèces dont 71 nouvelles espèces découvertes après 2006. Les analyses phylogénique et taxonomique indiquent que les caractères morpho-anatomiques concernant la sélection sexuelle sont les plus importants pour interpréter l'évolution des lombriciens de l'île de Hainan. En plus, ces lombriciens possèdent des affinités avec ceux de Sud-Chine, l'Asie du Sud-est et de l'Est. Globalement, notre étude révèle que les distributions actuelles des lombriciens pheretimoides dans l'île de Hainan correspondent à l'histoire tectonique de cette île et qu'ils sont plus ou moins déterminés par les événements paléogéographiques des plaques Sud-Chine et Indochine.Amynthas and Metaphire are two genera within the family Megascolecidae. Both of them dominate only in the Southeast and East Asia. The biodiversity richness of vegetables and animals makes Hainan Island, the southernmost part of Chine, one of the hotpots in China. However, only 35 earthworm species are reported before 2006. In terms of paleogeography, there are distinct view points on the tectonic origin of Hainan Island. The objectives of the thesis are (1) to investigate the earthworm community in Hainan Island (2) to analyze the phylogeny of these earthworms and reconstruct their ancestral states (3) to analyze the corresponding relationship of morpho-anatomical characteristics and species in Hainan Island and in its adjacent regions. Currently, earthworm species in Hainan Island amount up to 107 species and subspecies, including 71 new species and subspecies described after 2006. The phylogenetic and taxonomical analyses indicate that the morpho-anatomical characteristics under the sexual selection are the most important to earthworm evolution. Furthermore, the earthworm species of Hainan Island have affinitive to those of South China, Southeast and East Asia. Overall, our study reveals that the present distributions of pheretimoid earthworms in Hainan Island are affected by the tectonical history of this island and they are determined more or less by the paleogeographical events of South China plate and Indochina plate.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effect of landscape management on earthworm communities in temperate grasslands

International audienceEarthworms provide a large number of ecosystem services that rely on the presence and association of specific species (Blouin et al., 2013). A better understanding of the factors ruling earthworm communities’ assembly is therefore essential. These assembly rules of earthworm communities are govern by the filter theory leading to a pool of local species (Lortie et al., 2004). Many studies focused on interactions between agriculture such as land use or management practices and earthworm communities. Landscape has already been shown to influence the distribution of various organisms, however, very few studies took into account the influence of landscape on earthworm communities (Crittenden et al., 2015; Regulska and Kolaczkowska, 2015) and to our knowledge, none were performed on grasslands. A landscape is composed of patches of habitats separated by ecological continuities. These ecological continuities (ditches, hedges, roads...) can be habitat for organisms, or can play the role of corridors or barriers for their dispersal between two environments. Dupont et al. (2015), observed population flows across the landscape leading to population diversification of A. icterica. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of landscape on earthworm communities’ assembly in grasslands by investigating a high spatial scale (250 and 500 m around each grasslands) and a finer one (within each grasslands).For the large scale, we selected 27 grasslands with a gradient of richness and diversity of the elements of landscape as well as of the hedgerow lines up to 500 m around. We sampled earthworms at 30 m from any natural or anthropogenic edge. For the fine scale, we selected 3 grasslands on which we sampled earthworms along a gradient at 1 m, 5 m, 10 m and 30 m from two borders, a hedgerow and a road. On each sampling point, earthworms were sampled with the application of formaldehyde followed by hand sorting on a square meter repeated three times. Each individual collected was identified to the species and weighed.Preliminary results showed that, at the large scale, the diversity of the landscape (richness or Shannon index) had a negative impact on the total richness of earthworm. The amount of hedges was positively correlated to the number of total and epi-anecic species but negatively related to epigeic species. At the fine scale, a specific effect of gradients on earthworm communities was observed for each of the three grasslands. For example, a positive gradient of earthworm abundance and biomass from the edge towards the centre of the grassland was observed in only one of the three grasslands. Some earthworm species such as A. caliginosa or A. chlorotica showed a negative gradient of their individual adult weight from the edge to the centre of the grassland. Overall no edge effect on the richness of earthworms was observed