Retos de la entomología médica para la vigilancia en salud pública en Colombia: reflexión para el caso de malaria

The relevance of the medical entomology was considered with respect to current framework of malaria control programs in Colombia. A responsibility is indicated for balancing control efforts along with providing information on the malaria vectors. This knowledge must be acquired in order to focus the related activities that are required. The malaria control program must be based on results of local entomological surveillance, and the data must be in a form to give practical answers to questions regarding the control program. Difficulties in undertaking the required studies are described, particularly regarding the taxonomic identification of Colombian Anopheles in Colombia and which of these can be incriminated as malaria vectors.Se presenta una reflexión sobre la pertinencia del fortalecimiento de la vigilancia entomológica en los programas de control de paludismo en un escenario como Colombia, haciendo un reconocimiento de los vacíos de información sobre el conocimiento de las especies vectores y resaltando las acciones básicas que requiere el país en este campo. Bajo la premisa que los programas de control de vectores deben estar basados en resultados de los estudios entomológicos locales y dar respuestas prácticas a preguntas orientadas al control de la enfermedad, se mencionan algunas dificultades por resolver con relación a las especies de Anopheles en Colombia, particularmente en lo que tiene que ver con la taxonomía e incriminación como vectores y los retos que se podrían asumir en este aspecto

Estado de la susceptibilidad de poblaciones naturales del vector del dengue a insecticidas en trece localidades de Colombia

Introduction. Physiological resistance of natural population of Aedes aegypti to insecticides contributeto the decreased efficacy of chemical control as a main control strategy during dengue outbreaks.Objective. The susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti was assessed for the carbamate propoxur, theadulticide malathion and the larvicide temephos on 13 natural populations of Ae. aegypti immatureforms were taken from 8 Colombian localities. These included the following: Bucaramanga (1), Sabanade Torres (2), Girardot (2), La Mesa (2), Villavicencio (2), Puerto López (2), San José del Guaviare (1)and Florencia (1).Materials and methods. Susceptibility tests mainly consisted of the standardized bioassay outlinedby WHO (1981) and CDC bottles (1998). Colorimetric tests were undertaken to determine enzymelevels possibly responsible for the reduction of susceptibility to organophosphate and carbamateinsecticides.Results. All specimens demonstrated susceptibility to malathion and propoxur insecticides. Four of the13 populations revealed susceptibility to the temephos larvicide. Seven of 11 populations showed alimited increase in values for nonspecific esterase enzymes. The Bucaramanga population was the onlyone which showed an increase in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases enzymes. Neither populationwas found with modified acetilcolinesterase.Conclusions. The widespread susceptibility to organophosphates used as adulticides indicated thatmalathion, the most used insecticide in Colombia, remains effective in interrupting the transmission of dengue. Physiological resistance to insecticides occurring in communities of a single township provedto be a localized phenomenon.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i3.680Introducción. La resistencia fisiológica de las poblaciones naturales de Aedes aegypti a losinsecticidas de uso en salud pública, disminuye la eficacia del control químico utilizado para interrumpirla transmisión de dengue durante los brotes y epidemias.Objetivo. Determinar el estado de la susceptibilidad al carbamato propoxur, a los organofosforadosadulticidas malatión y fenitrotión y al larvicida temefos, de 13 poblaciones naturales de Ae. aegypti enocho municipios: una de Bucaramanga y dos de Sabana de Torres en el departamento de Santander;dos de Girardot y dos de La Mesa en Cundinamarca; dos de Villavicencio y dos de Puerto López en el Meta; una de San José del Guaviare, en Guaviare, y una de Florencia en Caquetá.Materiales y métodos. Las pruebas de susceptibilidad consistieron en bioensayos estandarizados dela Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 1981, y botellas de los Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC), 1998. Se aplicaron pruebas colorimétricas para determinar los niveles de enzimascomo posibles responsables de la reducción de la susceptibilidad a insecticidas organofosforados y alcarbamato propoxur.Resultados. Todas las poblaciones presentaron susceptibilidad a malatión y propoxur. Para el temefos,solo cuatro de las trece localidades evaluadas registraron susceptibilidad. Con respecto a los posiblesmecanismos de desintoxicación enzimática, en siete de las once poblaciones naturales se registraronvalores superiores al punto de corte para esterasas inespecíficas, solamente en Bucaramanga sepresentó un incremento en las enzimas monooxigenasas del citocromo P450, pero en ningunapoblación se registró acetilcolinestarasa modificada.Conclusiones. La susceptibilidad generalizada a los organofosforados adulticidas evaluados, indicaque el malatión, el insecticida más utilizado en Colombia para interrumpir la transmisión del dengue,sigue siendo eficaz. Las particularidades de los resultados de la resistencia fisiológica a insecticidasde las comunas de un mismo municipio, evidenciaron un fenómeno localizado de manera específicaen espacio y tiempo. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i3.680

Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Rood, 1926: variaciones morfométricas en alas y patas de poblaciones de Colombia

Introduction: Natural populations of Anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in Colombia, have shown phenotypic variations in some of their diagnostic characters.Objective: To characterize morphometric variations in wing spot patterns and diagnostic characters of the hind leg of adult females of An. darlingi collected in areas where malaria is endemic.Materials and methods: Patterns of the costal vein spots of wild females of An. darling populations collected in the departments of Chocó, Guaviare, Meta and Vichada were analyzed using linear and morphometric approaches. The second tarsomere of the hind leg of females was characterized by linear morphometric analysis.Results: We found 19 patterns of spots in the costal vein; patterns I (n=118/240, 49%) and VI (n=66, 28%) were the most frequent. The proportion of the basal dark area of hind tarsomere II and the length of hind tarsomere II (DSIII2/Ta-III2) constituted a robust diagnostic character as it represented 89% (n=213/240) of the total specimens studied. Significant differences were found in the wing shape (F=1.65, df =50, p<0.001) and the wing size (F=3.37, df=5, p=0.005) among populations from different locations. The smallest centroid size (2.64 mm) was found in populations from Chocó.Conclusions. We registered 11 new wing spot patterns in the costal vein and the dominance of the patterns I and VI for populations of An. darlingi from Colombia. We confirmed DSIII2/TaIII2 ratio as a robust diagnostic character for the taxonomy of this species. We found differences between the size and shape of the wings of An. darlingi populations in accordance to their geographical distribution, which constitute important bionomic aspects for this malaria vector.Introducción. Poblaciones naturales de Anopheles darlingi, principal transmisor de malaria en Colombia, han mostrado plasticidad fenotípica en algunos de sus caracteres diagnósticos.Objetivo. Caracterizar variaciones morfométricas en patrones alares y de pata posterior en poblaciones naturales de An. darlingi recolectados en localidades donde la malaria es endémica.Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron mediante morfometría lineal y geométrica, los patrones de manchas de la vena Costa del ala de hembras silvestres recolectadas en los departamentos de Chocó, Guaviare, Meta y Vichada. El segundo tarsómero posterior de las hembras se analizó por morfometría lineal.Resultados. Se encontraron 19 patrones de manchas de la vena Costa, los patrones I con 49 % (n = 118/240) y VI con 28 % (n = 66) correspondieron a los más frecuentes. La proporción DSIII2/TaIII2 constituyó un carácter diagnóstico robusto debido a representó el 89% (n = 213/240) del total de especímenes analizados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para la forma (F = 1,65, gl = 50, p < 0,001) y el tamaño (F = 3,37, gl = 5, p = 0,005) del ala entre poblaciones de diferentes localidades. El tamaño del centroide más pequeño 2,64 mm se encontró en poblaciones de Chocó.Conclusiones. Se registraron once patrones nuevos para manchas de la vena Costa y se confirma la dominancia de los patrones alares I y VI para poblaciones de An. darlingi de Colombia. Se confirma que la relación DSIII2/TaIII2 constituye un carácter diagnóstico robusto para la taxonomía de la especie. Se encontraron diferencias en el tamaño corporal de las poblaciones evaluadas, lo que reviste importancia para el análisis de aspectos bionómicos de la especie

Hymenopterous parasitoids of Dasiops (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) infesting cultivated Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae) in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia

Dasiops spp. are the most important pest in cultivated Passiflora plants. Larvae of these fruit flies are herbivores, feeding on flower buds and fruit of yellow passionfruit, sweet granadilla, banana passionfruit and purple passionfruit crops located in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia. Geographic distribution, natural abundance and percentage of parasitoidism for every Dasiops species by each plant species were determined. Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was found to be a parasitoid of D. inedulis (14.19-50.00%), infesting flower buds of yellow passionfruit and fruit of sweet granadilla (7.41%). Microcrasis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was found to be parasitizing both D. gracilis (0.83-3.13%) and D. inedulis (0.83%) in purple and yellow passionfruit. Trichopria sp. and Pentapria sp. (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) were found to be parasitizing D. inedulis (40.00% and 4.17-20.00%, respectively) and D. gracilis (1.69-22.22% and 1.67-29.17%, respectively) in purple passion fruit. Dasiops caustonae was found to be infesting banana passionfruit only in Boyaca, naturally parasitized by Pentapria sp. (11.11-33.33%). Because Pentapria sp. had a wide geographical distribution as an idiobiont of Dasiops spp. pupae, in all of the assessed cultivated Passiflora species, despite a high selection pressure by chemical control distributed at regular calendar intervals, it would be a crucial strategy in pest management control. Collecting fallen flower buds and fruit infested by Dasiops spp. is important to truncate the life cycle of fruit flies and allow emergence of parasitoids. This simple cultural strategy could have important implications in reducing production costs, increased crop yields and environmental care

Binomial sampling of Paraleyrodes Quaintance pos. bondari (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Persea americana Mill.

Fresno (Tolima), in Colombia, is a notable avocado producer, with 36% of the national production. In this paper, two sampling methods are presented to assess natural populations of Paraleyrodes Quaintance pos. bondari attacking avocado trees of Hass and Lorena cultivars under field conditions. The presence/absence of whitefly nymph colonies on 30 leaves located at the high, medium and low strata per host plant from both cultivars was evaluated. Visual estimations were performed to count the number of whitefly nymphs on 1.25 cm2 of five leaves/bud in low and medium strata per tree to evaluate the spatial distribution of whitefly population in accordance to Poisson distribution, Negative Binomial distribution and b parameter of Law of Taylor. Significant differences in percentages of infestation (P≤0.03) from leaves that belonged to the low avocado tree strata were found between the Lorena (31.88±1.2%) and Hass (15.64±1.8%) cultivars. Natural populations of P. pos. bondari were located on the abaxial leaf side, showing an aggregate distribution in avocado tree from orchards located at different altitudes. Our findings recommend entomological surveillance for Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari in Fresno (Tolima), sampling four branches from the medium and low avocado tree strata through inspection of five buds/branches/tree throughout each branch with the presence/absence method to count whitefly nymph colonies on the abaxial side of pre-basal leaves. In total, the sampling involved five leaves/branch (20 leaves/strata or 40 leaves/tree) on 13 avocado trees per hectare

Caracterización de daños de moscas del género dasiops (diptera: lonchaeidae) en passiflora spp. (passifloraceae) cultivadas en colombia / characterization of damage of the genus dasiops flies (diptera: lonchaeidae) from cultivated passiflora (passiflor

Resumen. Las moscas del género Dasiops Rondani constituyen la plaga más limitante en cultivos de pasifloras en Colombia, por lo que el reconocimiento de especies es importante para la toma de decisiones de vigilancia y control. Se caracterizaron los síntomas y daños producidos por moscas Dasiops spp.. en botones florales y frutos de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Sims), gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims), granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) y curuba (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima Nielsen y Jorgensen). En botones florales de maracuyá, gulupa y granadilla con longitud mayor a 1 cm, la infestación se manifestó con amarillamiento y arrugamiento general. En frutos de gulupa y granadilla, la infestación se evidenció por arrugamiento del epicarpio en frutos inmaduros. En curuba, la infestación en frutos se caracterizó por un estrechamiento en la parte basal, apical o media del fruto. La infestación en botones florales estuvo entre 0,0 y 9,9% en tanto que en frutos presentó un rango entre 0,3 y 28,5%. No obstante, en maracuyá y gulupa se registraron botones florales infestados pero sin los síntomas descritos; en tanto que en gulupa y granadilla se observó el mismo fenómeno en frutos. Este estudio provee a agricultores y técnicos herramientas para el reconocimiento de infestación por moscas Dasiops spp. en cultivos de pasifloras como elemento fundamental para la toma decisiones para la vigilancia y control fitosanitario. / Abstract. The flies of the gender Dasiops Rondani are the most limiting plague in pasifloras crops in Colombia, thus species identification is important for decision making for monitoring and control. The symptoms and damage caused by Dasiops spp. flies in flower buds and fruits of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Sims), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims), sweet passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss) and banana passion fruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima Nielsen y Jorgensen) were characterized. In yellow passion fruit, purple passion fruit and sweet passion fruit flower buds, the infestation was evidenced in flower buds with length greater than 1 cm, the infestation was evidenced with general yellowing and wrinkling. In purple passion fruit infestation was evidenced by wrinkling of the epicarp in immature fruits. In banana passion fruit infestation was characterized by a narrowing in the basal, apical or central part of the fruit. Infestation in flower buds was between 0.0 and 9.9% whereas in fruits showed a range between 0.3 and 28.5%. However, yellow passion fruit and purple passion fruit flower buds were infested but without the described symptoms, while in yellow passion fruit and sweet passion fruit the same phenomenon was observed in fruits. This study provides tools for farmers and technicians for recognizing Dasiops spp. fly infestation in Passiflora crops as a key element in decision making for surveillance and phytosanitary control

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio