209 research outputs found
Ăchanges transdisciplinaires et lĂ©gitimation gĂ©nĂ©rique : le poĂšme en prose et les arts plastiques
Genre oxymoron qui rejette la versification et la musicalitĂ© traditionnellement associĂ©es Ă la poĂ©sie, le poĂšme en prose semble immĂ©diatement se tourner vers les arts visuels. Afin dâexplorer les Ă©changes transdisciplinaires impliquĂ©s par la revendication de lĂ©gitimitĂ© plastique du poĂšme en prose, cet article procĂšde Ă une micro-histoire du poĂšme en prose en mode mineur. Il sâagit ainsi de dĂ©montrer le passage dâune entreprise de lĂ©gitimation gĂ©nĂ©rique du poĂšme en prose Ă lâaffirmation dâune nature proprement plastique du poĂšme. Lâarticle interroge dâabord le choix effectuĂ© par quatre poĂštes en prose de recourir Ă des dĂ©nominations qui relĂšvent de pratiques artistiques mineures pour dĂ©signer leurs poĂšmes en prose : la bambochade (Aloysius Bertrand), le croquis (Charles Baudelaire, Joris-Karl Huysmans) ou encore lâenluminure (Arthur Rimbaud). Lâarticle sâintĂ©resse ensuite Ă lâhistorique complexe de publication des Calligrammes dâApollinaire qui rĂ©vĂšle lâautonomisation dâune poĂ©sie en prose plastique Ă la lĂ©gitimitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©rique dĂ©sormais acquise.Prose poetry starkly challenges the versification and musicality traditionally associated with poetry. As a result, its visual aspect has often heralded the prose poemâs entry into the realm of the visual arts. This article draws a micro-history of the prose poem as a minor genre, in order to explore the transdisciplinary exchanges implied by this claim of visual generic legitimacy. After first considering the choice of four poets to name their prose poetry with clear reference to visual arts genres and practices: bambochades (Aloysius Bertrand), sketches (Charles Baudelaire, Joris-Karl Huysmans), and illuminations (Arthur Rimbaud), this article analyses the convoluted publishing history of Apollinaireâs Calligrammes. These case studies demonstrate how the prose poem distances itself from generic references to the visual arts, and ultimately asserts its own visual and plastic autonomy
Investigating the role of the Melanocortin-1 Receptor gene in an extreme case of microgeographical variation in the pattern of melanin-based plumage pigmentation
Received: August 23, 2012; Accepted: October 26, 2012; Published: December 5, 2012The RĂ©union grey white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus) is a single-island endemic passerine bird that exhibits striking geographically structured melanic polymorphism at a very small spatial scale. We investigated the genetic basis of this color polymorphism by testing whether the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), a gene often involved in natural melanic polymorphism in birds, was associated with the observed plumage variation. Although we found three non-synonymous mutations, we detected no association between MC1R variants and color morphs, and the main amino-acid variant found in the RĂ©union grey white-eye was also present at high frequency in the Mauritius grey white-eye (Zosterops mauritianus), its sister species which shows no melanic polymorphism. In addition, neutrality tests and analysis of population structure did not reveal any obvious pattern of positive or balancing selection acting on MC1R. Altogether these results indicate that MC1R does not play a role in explaining the melanic variation observed in the RĂ©union grey white-eye. We propose that other genes such as POMC, Agouti or any other genes involved in pigment synthesis will need to be investigated in future studies if we are to understand how selection shapes complex patterns of melanin-based plumage pigmentation.Peer reviewe
European Competition Policy in International Markets
International audienceChanges in the institutional, technological and economic environment raise new challenges to the European competition policy. In this context, it is timely for European authorities to appraise the external dimension of the European competition policy as well as its articulation with current internal reforms. Globalisation can increase the costs of monitoring and seriously reduce the ability of European authorities to tackle cross-border anti-competitive conducts. In addition, conflicts are exacerbated by industrial policy motivations. As it is unlikely that the sole application of the territoriality and extraterritoriality principles to competition rules could yield an optimal international competition system, globalisation calls for higher levels and types of cooperation. Given that bilateral cooperation and especially the implementation of comity principles could be of no value when laws or interests are sources of international conflicts, three main paths could be therefore encouraged: The continuous harmonization of rules through the joint action of OECD and ICN; the higher cooperation in the confidential information exchange; the establishment of global anti-trust institutions. Although WTO is legitimate in judging questions related market access and entry barriers, it is less equipped to assess international hard core cartels or M&A reviews. As a substitute for WTO, a multilevel system, like the EU system, could be promoted. For political and pragmatic reasons, it could be composed in a first step of a hard core of countries like the EU, Japan and the U.S. It could be associated with the creation of an international Court of Justice for competition. In addition to these external reforms, some internal reforms could be required. Competition authorities have to develop further competition advocacy to give a higher priority to competition issues in other EU policies and national regulation. A parallel and complementary reform could consist in making the European competition agency independent from State Members' interference
Conditional Conservatism and Labor Investment Efficiency
Prior literature documents that asymmetric timely recognition of losses versus gains (also known as conditional conservatism) can induce management to make more efficient investment decisions by mitigating information asymmetry between management and investors and providing early signals about the profitability of projects undertaken. In this paper, we investigate the impact of conservatism on an important investment decision that has been overlooked, namely investment in labor. We find that conservatism is negatively associated with labor investment inefficiency; more specifically, conservatism reduces inefficiency investment practices on the labor market, including over-hiring, under-firing, under-hiring, and over-firing. Our results hold after controlling for managerial ability, corporate governance and other investments
Upstream ORF affects MYCN translation depending on exon 1b alternative splicing
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>MYCN </it>gene is transcribed into two major mRNAs: one full-length (<it>MYCN) </it>and one exon 1b-spliced (<it>MYCN</it><sup>Î1<it>b</it></sup>) mRNA. But nothing is known about their respective ability to translate the MYCN protein.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Plasmids were prepared to enable translation from the upstream (uORF) and major ORF of the two <it>MYCN </it>transcripts. Translation was studied after transfection in neuroblastoma SH-EP cell line. Impact of the upstream AUG on translation was evaluated after directed mutagenesis. Functional study with the two <it>MYCN </it>mRNAs was conducted by a cell viability assay. Existence of a new protein encoded by the <it>MYCN</it><sup>Î1<it>b </it></sup>uORF was explored by designing a rabbit polyclonal antibody against a specific epitope of this protein.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both are translated, but higher levels of protein were seen with <it>MYCN</it><sup>Î1<it>b </it></sup>mRNA. An upstream ORF was shown to have positive cis-regulatory activity on translation from <it>MYCN </it>but not from <it>MYCN</it><sup>Î1<it>b </it></sup>mRNA. In transfected SH-EP neuroblastoma cells, high MYCN dosage obtained with <it>MYCN</it><sup>Î1<it>b </it></sup>mRNA translation induces an antiapoptotic effect after serum deprivation that was not observed with low MYCN expression obtained with <it>MYCN </it>mRNA. Here, we showed that MYCNOT: <it>MYCN </it>Overlap Transcript, a new protein of unknown function is translated from the upstream AUG of <it>MYCN</it><sup>Î1<it>b </it></sup>mRNA.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Existence of upstream ORF in <it>MYCN </it>transcripts leads to a new level of MYCN regulation. The resulting MYCN dosage has a weak but significant anti-apoptotic activity after intrinsic apoptosis induction.</p
The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Final Report
The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or HabEx, has been designed to be the Great Observatory of the 2030s. For the first time in human history, technologies have matured sufficiently to enable an affordable space-based telescope mission capable of discovering and characterizing Earthlike planets orbiting nearby bright sunlike stars in order to search for signs of habitability and biosignatures. Such a mission can also be equipped with instrumentation that will enable broad and exciting general astrophysics and planetary science not possible from current or planned facilities. HabEx is a space telescope with unique imaging and multi-object spectroscopic capabilities at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to near-IR. These capabilities allow for a broad suite of compelling science that cuts across the entire NASA astrophysics portfolio. HabEx has three primary science goals: (1) Seek out nearby worlds and explore their habitability; (2) Map out nearby planetary systems and understand the diversity of the worlds they contain; (3) Enable new explorations of astrophysical systems from our own solar system to external galaxies by extending our reach in the UV through near-IR. This Great Observatory science will be selected through a competed GO program, and will account for about 50% of the HabEx primary mission. The preferred HabEx architecture is a 4m, monolithic, off-axis telescope that is diffraction-limited at 0.4 microns and is in an L2 orbit. HabEx employs two starlight suppression systems: a coronagraph and a starshade, each with their own dedicated instrument
The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Final Report
The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or HabEx, has been designed to be the
Great Observatory of the 2030s. For the first time in human history,
technologies have matured sufficiently to enable an affordable space-based
telescope mission capable of discovering and characterizing Earthlike planets
orbiting nearby bright sunlike stars in order to search for signs of
habitability and biosignatures. Such a mission can also be equipped with
instrumentation that will enable broad and exciting general astrophysics and
planetary science not possible from current or planned facilities. HabEx is a
space telescope with unique imaging and multi-object spectroscopic capabilities
at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to near-IR. These capabilities
allow for a broad suite of compelling science that cuts across the entire NASA
astrophysics portfolio. HabEx has three primary science goals: (1) Seek out
nearby worlds and explore their habitability; (2) Map out nearby planetary
systems and understand the diversity of the worlds they contain; (3) Enable new
explorations of astrophysical systems from our own solar system to external
galaxies by extending our reach in the UV through near-IR. This Great
Observatory science will be selected through a competed GO program, and will
account for about 50% of the HabEx primary mission. The preferred HabEx
architecture is a 4m, monolithic, off-axis telescope that is
diffraction-limited at 0.4 microns and is in an L2 orbit. HabEx employs two
starlight suppression systems: a coronagraph and a starshade, each with their
own dedicated instrument.Comment: Full report: 498 pages. Executive Summary: 14 pages. More information
about HabEx can be found here: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex
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