Sensory and chemical evaluation of flavor in ground beef from grass- and grain-fed steers

A total of 48 yearling Angus, Hereford, and Charolais breeds were divided into two groups of 24 steers, and during the 1985 spring and summer, each group grazed a different pasture (PType): fescue- orchardgrass-clover or ryegrass. When each pasture no longer could sustain grazing in the summer, each group of steers was divided into 3 sub-groups of 8 steers each. One sub-group from each PType was killed directly off-pasture and represented the 0 days on feed (DOF) group. The other sub-groups were accustomed to a whole-shell com diet over a two-week period and were fed the com diet up to 112-DOF in a drylot at the University of Tennessee Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN. At 0-, 56-, and 112-DOF, the sub-groups from each PType was transported to and slaughtered at Lay\u27s Packing Co. Knoxville, TN. Before slaughter, fat thickness at the 12th-13th rib and steer weight were recorded along with hot carcass weight at the plant for each animal. After the carcass of each steer was chilled at 6°C for a 48-hr period, a hindquarter from each was transported to The University of Tennessee Meats Laboratory. Ground beef containing approximately 20% fat was formulated from the biceps femoris muscle and external fat from the round of each carcass. Ground beef from each steer was analyzed for total lipid content. From each steer, cooked ground beef patties held at an internal temperature of 55 °C, were evaluated for aroma and flavor by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). The headspace volatiles of cooked ground beef from 6 steers in each sub-group were also analyzed. Volatile compounds from cooked ground beef held at 55 °C were trapped on a Tenax GC trap, and then analyzed on a 30-m, 0.25 mm i.d. fuzed silica SPB-35 capillary column by gas chromotography and mass spectrometry. The relative percentage of abundance (RPA) of each volatile, intensity of each QDA flavor descriptor, total lipid content and animal measurements were statistically analyzed as a function of PType, DOF and their interaction. Factor analysis was also applied separately to the volatiles and the QDA descriptors to reduce these analyses to the lowest number of factors. The chemical volatiles were also correlated with QDA flavor analysis and the ground beef samples classified into sources by statistical procedures. Levels of the undesirable milky-oily aroma and flavor were significantly reduced and the desirable beef fat aroma and flavor intensities increased by feeding a com diet to beef cattle after they had grazed on pasture. Although the QDA panel used 6 different descriptors to evaluate beef flavor, factor analysis reduced all 6 to a single factor which was called Beefy . Differences found in the flavor descriptor intensities allowed the panel to correctly classify approximately 94% of the samples into their sources of PType and DOF groups. Forty volatile compounds, of which 29 were positively identified, were found in the headspace of the ground beef samples. Changes in the RPA of 22 volatile compounds of ground beef were found with increasing DOF. Levels of 11 volatiles (toluene, ethyl-benzene, propyl-benzene, l-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene, pentanal, nonane, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 3-penten-2-one, and 3 unknown compounds) were found to be important in describing DOF affects for ground beef. Six of these compounds (toluene, pentanal, l-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, and 2 unknowns) were able to correctly classify approximately 94% of the feeding groups into the correct days on feed classification, RPA of 16 volatile compounds were correlated with the intensities of QDA descriptors (P \u3c.05). Toluene was the only compound found to be positively correlated with milky-oily flavor in ground beef. Seven compounds were positively correlated with beef fat flavor with octane having the highest correlation coefficient (r=0.62). Five compounds (pentanal, ethyl-benzene, toluene, l-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene, and an unknown) were found to account for 51% of the variation for beef fat flavor thus indicating that any of these compounds may be suitable as indicators for Beefy flavor

The British historical school in political economy : its history and significance

"Major subject: Economics."This dissertation summarizes the methodological views of each of the major participants in the Nineteenth Century British Methodenstreit in Political Economy and isolates those currents in Nineteenth Century economic methodology which have persisted into the Twentieth Century. Among those involved in the British Methodenstreit I have examined the relevant writings of Walter Bagehot, John E. Cairnes, J. K. Ingram, Richard Jones, T. E. C. Leslie, Alfred Marshall, David Symes, and William Whewell. Three major conclusions arise from this study. First, each of the writers considered possessed a somewhat ideosyncratic conception of the scope and procedures appropriate to economic inquiry. In this respect, then, it is misleading to speak simply of Historical and Orthodox "schools," since these labels have frequently been interpreted as denoting homogeneous points of view. Second, those fundamental characteristics which were shared in common by writers within each of the two methodological traditions are not the characteristics which have frequently received the attention of the intellectual historian. The Historical School, for example, has often been associated with its German counterpart and portrayed as a reaction against all economic theorizing. Instead of disposing of economic theory, however, the typical British Historicist of the period prior to the 1890's was interested in tying the existing theory to specific institutional contexts, thus integrating into economic analysis some important behavioral constraints. So far as this attempt was successful it resulted in economic theories yielding definite predictions and testable consequences, as opposed to a theory which was nebulous enough to explain everything but which predicted only ex post.

A promising Start? The Local Network Fund for Children and Young People: Interim Findings from the National Evaluation

This is a summary of the interim evaluation report of the National Evaluation of the Local Network Fund (LNF) for Children and Young People. It is based on data gathered during the first phase of the evaluation (between October 2002 to December 2003). A final report of the National Evaluation will be available early in 2005. A consortium of research organisations, led by the University of Hull and including BMRB Social Research, The University of York and the University of Sheffield were commissioned in August 2002 by the-then Children and Young People’s Unit (CYPU) to carry out the evaluation

Stuttering, alcohol consumption and smoking

Purpose: Limited research has been published regarding the association between stuttering and substance use. An earlier study provided no evidence for such an association, but the authors called for further research to be conducted using a community sample. The present study used data from a community sample to investigate whether an association between stuttering and alcohol consumption or regular smoking exists in late adolescence and adulthood. Methods: Regression analyses were carried out on data from a birth cohort study, the National Child Development Study (NCDS), whose initial cohort included 18,558 participants who have since been followed up until age 55. In the analyses, the main predictor variable was parent-reported stuttering at age 16. Parental socio-economic group, cohort member’s sex and childhood behavioural problems were also included. The outcome variables related to alcohol consumption and smoking habits at ages 16, 23, 33, 41, 46, 50 and 55. Results: No significant association was found between stuttering and alcohol consumption or stuttering and smoking at any of the ages. It was speculated that the absence of significant associations might be due to avoidance of social situations on the part of many of the participants who stutter, or adoption of alternative coping strategies. Conclusion: Because of the association between anxiety and substance use, individuals who stutter and are anxious might be found to drink or smoke excessively, but as a group, people who stutter are not more likely than those who do not to have high levels of consumption of alcohol or nicotine

Securing All intraVenous devices Effectively in hospitalised patients—the SAVE trial: study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial

Introduction: Over 70% of all hospital admissions have a peripheral intravenous device (PIV) inserted; however, the failure rate of PIVs is unacceptably high, with up to 69% of these devices failing before treatment is complete. Failure can be due to dislodgement, phlebitis, occlusion/infiltration and/or infection. This results in interrupted medical therapy; painful phlebitis and reinsertions; increased hospital length of stay, morbidity and mortality from infections; and wasted medical/nursing time. Appropriate PIV dressing and securement may prevent many cases of PIV failure, but little comparative data exist regarding the efficacy of various PIV dressing and securement methods. This trial will investigate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of 4 methods of PIV dressing and securement in preventing PIV failure. Methods and analysis: A multicentre, parallel group, superiority randomised controlled trial with 4 arms, 3 experimental groups (tissue adhesive, bordered polyurethane dressing, sutureless securement device) and 1 control (standard polyurethane dressing) is planned. There will be a 3-year recruitment of 1708 adult patients, with allocation concealment until randomisation by a centralised web-based service. The primary outcome is PIV failure which includes any of: dislodgement, occlusion/infiltration, phlebitis and infection. Secondary outcomes include: types of PIV failure, PIV dwell time, costs, device colonisation, skin colonisation, patient and staff satisfaction. Relative incidence rates of device failure per 100 devices and per 1000 device days with 95% CIs will summarise the impact of each dressing, and test differences between groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curves (with log-rank Mantel-Cox test) will compare device failure over time. p Values of <0.05 will be considered significant. Secondary end points will be compared between groups using parametric or non-parametric techniques appropriate to level of measurement

ClassyFire: automated chemical classification with a comprehensive, computable taxonomy

Additional file 5. Use cases. Text-based search on the ClassyFire web server. (A) Building the query. (B) Sparteine, one of the returned compounds

The Multi-Object, Fiber-Fed Spectrographs for SDSS and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey

We present the design and performance of the multi-object fiber spectrographs for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and their upgrade for the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Originally commissioned in Fall 1999 on the 2.5-m aperture Sloan Telescope at Apache Point Observatory, the spectrographs produced more than 1.5 million spectra for the SDSS and SDSS-II surveys, enabling a wide variety of Galactic and extra-galactic science including the first observation of baryon acoustic oscillations in 2005. The spectrographs were upgraded in 2009 and are currently in use for BOSS, the flagship survey of the third-generation SDSS-III project. BOSS will measure redshifts of 1.35 million massive galaxies to redshift 0.7 and Lyman-alpha absorption of 160,000 high redshift quasars over 10,000 square degrees of sky, making percent level measurements of the absolute cosmic distance scale of the Universe and placing tight constraints on the equation of state of dark energy. The twin multi-object fiber spectrographs utilize a simple optical layout with reflective collimators, gratings, all-refractive cameras, and state-of-the-art CCD detectors to produce hundreds of spectra simultaneously in two channels over a bandpass covering the near ultraviolet to the near infrared, with a resolving power R = \lambda/FWHM ~ 2000. Building on proven heritage, the spectrographs were upgraded for BOSS with volume-phase holographic gratings and modern CCD detectors, improving the peak throughput by nearly a factor of two, extending the bandpass to cover 360 < \lambda < 1000 nm, and increasing the number of fibers from 640 to 1000 per exposure. In this paper we describe the original SDSS spectrograph design and the upgrades implemented for BOSS, and document the predicted and measured performances.Comment: 43 pages, 42 figures, revised according to referee report and accepted by AJ. Provides background for the instrument responsible for SDSS and BOSS spectra. 4th in a series of survey technical papers released in Summer 2012, including arXiv:1207.7137 (DR9), arXiv:1207.7326 (Spectral Classification), and arXiv:1208.0022 (BOSS Overview

DEM of triaxial tests on crushable sand

This paper presents simulations of high-pressure triaxial shear tests on a crushable sand. The discrete element method is used, featuring a large number of particles and avoiding the use of agglomerates. The triaxial model features a flexible membrane, therefore allowing realistic deformation, and a simple breakage mechanism is implemented using the octahedral shear stress induced in the particles. The simulations show that particle crushing is essential to replicate the realistic behaviour of sand (in particular the volumetric contraction) in high-pressure shear tests. The general effects of crushing during shear are explored, including its effects on critical states, and the influence of particle strength and confining pressure on the degree of crushing are discussed

The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of SDSS-III

The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) is designed to measure the scale of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter over a larger volume than the combined efforts of all previous spectroscopic surveys of large scale structure. BOSS uses 1.5 million luminous galaxies as faint as i=19.9 over 10,000 square degrees to measure BAO to redshifts z<0.7. Observations of neutral hydrogen in the Lyman alpha forest in more than 150,000 quasar spectra (g<22) will constrain BAO over the redshift range 2.15<z<3.5. Early results from BOSS include the first detection of the large-scale three-dimensional clustering of the Lyman alpha forest and a strong detection from the Data Release 9 data set of the BAO in the clustering of massive galaxies at an effective redshift z = 0.57. We project that BOSS will yield measurements of the angular diameter distance D_A to an accuracy of 1.0% at redshifts z=0.3 and z=0.57 and measurements of H(z) to 1.8% and 1.7% at the same redshifts. Forecasts for Lyman alpha forest constraints predict a measurement of an overall dilation factor that scales the highly degenerate D_A(z) and H^{-1}(z) parameters to an accuracy of 1.9% at z~2.5 when the survey is complete. Here, we provide an overview of the selection of spectroscopic targets, planning of observations, and analysis of data and data quality of BOSS.Comment: 49 pages, 16 figures, accepted by A

A Fully Integrated Real-Time Detection, Diagnosis, and Control of Community Diarrheal Disease Clusters and Outbreaks (the INTEGRATE Project):Protocol for an Enhanced Surveillance System

BACKGROUND:Diarrheal disease, which affects 1 in 4 people in the United Kingdom annually, is the most common cause of outbreaks in community and health care settings. Traditional surveillance methods tend to detect point-source outbreaks of diarrhea and vomiting; they are less effective at identifying low-level and intermittent food supply contamination. Furthermore, it can take up to 9 weeks for infections to be confirmed, reducing slow-burn outbreak recognition, potentially impacting hundreds or thousands of people over wide geographical areas. There is a need to address fundamental problems in traditional diarrheal disease surveillance because of underreporting and subsequent unconfirmed infection by patients and general practitioners (GPs); varying submission practices and selective testing of samples in laboratories; limitations in traditional microbiological diagnostics, meaning that the timeliness of sample testing and etiology of most cases remains unknown; and poorly integrated human and animal surveillance systems, meaning that identification of zoonoses is delayed or missed. OBJECTIVE:This study aims to detect anomalous patterns in the incidence of gastrointestinal disease in the (human) community; to target sampling; to test traditional diagnostic methods against rapid, modern, and sensitive molecular and genomic microbiology methods that identify and characterize responsible pathogens rapidly and more completely; and to determine the cost-effectiveness of rapid, modern, sensitive molecular and genomic microbiology methods. METHODS:Syndromic surveillance will be used to aid identification of anomalous patterns in microbiological events based on temporal associations, demographic similarities among patients and animals, and changes in trends in acute gastroenteritis cases using a point process statistical model. Stool samples will be obtained from patients' consulting GPs, to improve the timeliness of cluster detection and characterize the pathogens responsible, allowing health protection professionals to investigate and control outbreaks quickly, limiting their size and impact. The cost-effectiveness of the proposed system will be examined using formal cost-utility analysis to inform decisions on national implementation. RESULTS:The project commenced on April 1, 2013. Favorable approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee on June 15, 2015, and the first patient was recruited on October 13, 2015, with 1407 patients recruited and samples processed using traditional laboratory techniques as of March 2017. CONCLUSIONS:The overall aim of this study is to create a new One Health paradigm for detecting and investigating diarrhea and vomiting in the community in near-real time, shifting from passive human surveillance and management of laboratory-confirmed infection toward an integrated, interdisciplinary enhanced surveillance system including management of people with symptoms. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID):DERR1-10.2196/13941