19 research outputs found

    L’importance des mĂ©taux dans une ville naissante : les artisans du mĂ©tal dans l’espace social et urbain de MontrĂ©al de 1642 Ă  1701

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    La dĂ©couverte d’une grande quantitĂ© de scories reliĂ©es au travail de forge au Fort de Ville-Marie en 2007 nous rappelle le rĂŽle essentiel des mĂ©taux dans une sociĂ©tĂ© prĂ©industrielle. Bien que les spĂ©cialistes de la Nouvelle-France aient Ă©voquĂ© l’importance de ce secteur Ă©conomique, les Ă©tudes plus poussĂ©es sur le sujet sont plutĂŽt centrĂ©es sur les XVIIIe et XIXe siĂšcles. Pourtant, dans une ville en construction, les artisans du mĂ©tal occupent une place de premier rang. Leur expertise est nĂ©cessaire tant pour la subsistance que pour l’économie et la dĂ©fense. Ce mĂ©moire vise donc Ă  faire ressortir la place qu’occupent les artisans du mĂ©tal Ă  MontrĂ©al au XVIIe siĂšcle. L’analyse prosopographique de ce groupe socioprofessionnel, de leurs rĂ©seaux sociaux et de leur rĂ©partition spatiale dans la ville permettra de rĂ©pondre Ă  la question suivante : comment s’inscrivent les mĂ©tiers de production du mĂ©tal dans l’espace social et gĂ©ographique de MontrĂ©al de 1642 Ă  1701? SituĂ© au carrefour de l’histoire sociale et de la gĂ©ohistoire, ce travail de recherche s’inspire des travaux issus du tournant spatial et des humanitĂ©s numĂ©riques. Il est supportĂ© par un projet en informatique appliquĂ©e. D’une part, un logiciel de visualisation de rĂ©seaux permettra de mettre en lumiĂšre les alliances et les stratĂ©gies de mobilitĂ© sociale. D’autre part, une carte interactive reprĂ©sentant la rĂ©partition des ateliers de forges dans la ville Ă  travers le temps permettra de mieux comprendre les facteurs physiques, politiques, Ă©conomiques et socioculturels qui ont influencĂ© l’organisation spatiale du travail du mĂ©tal. Nous espĂ©rons que cette Ă©tude souligne le rĂŽle clĂ© qu’ont jouĂ© les artisans du mĂ©tal dans le dĂ©veloppement de la ville de MontrĂ©al et, par le fait mĂȘme, aide Ă  promouvoir la prĂ©servation et la mise en valeur de ce patrimoine immatĂ©riel

    Échographie du petit Ă©cran : les reprĂ©sentations de la pĂ©rinatalitĂ© dans les tĂ©lĂ©romans quĂ©bĂ©cois

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    Depuis les quelque dix derniĂšres annĂ©es, les tĂ©lĂ©romans quĂ©bĂ©cois ont proposĂ© de plus en plus de grossesses. Dans une sociĂ©tĂ© quĂ©bĂ©coise oĂč le taux de natalitĂ© n'a jamais Ă©tĂ© aussi bas, il est Ă  se demander comment les tĂ©lĂ©romans prĂ©sentent-ils les grossesses, les accouchements, les mĂšres, les pĂšres et tout ce qui entoure la pĂ©riode pĂ©rinatale. PrivilĂ©gient-ils des images novatrices ou conservatrices comparativement Ă  la sociĂ©tĂ© quĂ©bĂ©coise? \ud Cette recherche vise Ă  voir quels sont les modĂšles de rapports et de rĂŽles sociaux qui Ă©mergent des reprĂ©sentations de la pĂ©rinatalitĂ© dans les tĂ©lĂ©romans quĂ©bĂ©cois actuels. Cette question amĂšne Ă  s'interroger sur le rĂŽle des parents, sur les rapports qu'ils ont entre eux et avec l'enfant, sur la place de la famille et des amis pendant la pĂ©riode pĂ©rinatale, sur les relations avec le systĂšme de santĂ© et le milieu de travail. Suite aux visionnages prĂ©liminaires, il a Ă©tĂ© avancĂ© que les pĂšres des tĂ©lĂ©romans vivaient des relations Ă©quivoques face Ă  leur paternitĂ©, que les mĂšres Ă©taient encore aujourd'hui au cƓur de la cellule familiale, que les relations avec les amis seraient vraisemblablement plus importantes que celles avec la famille immĂ©diate, que les tĂ©lĂ©romans proposeraient des dĂ©bats sur certaines prĂ©occupations sociales impliquant la pĂ©rinatalitĂ©. \ud Deux tĂ©lĂ©romans ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s dans le cadre de cette Ă©tude exploratoire. Rumeurs est une sĂ©rie prĂ©sentĂ©e Ă  Radio-Canada depuis l'automne 2002. Esther et BenoĂźt sont les deux corĂ©dacteurs en chef du magazine fĂ©minin Rumeurs. Ensemble, ils vivront, malgrĂ© leur relation difficile, la grossesse non planifiĂ©e d'Esther. Caroline et Louis forment, quant Ă  eux, le couple de 3 x rien, la deuxiĂšme Ă©mission du corpus, et partageront les Ă©motions propres Ă  une grossesse et Ă  l'arrivĂ©e d'un bĂ©bĂ©. \ud Il ressort de cette analyse de contenu que les tĂ©lĂ©romans quĂ©bĂ©cois, dĂ©finis comme une sorte de laboratoire social, explorent de nouvelles voies du cĂŽtĂ© des reprĂ©sentations de la pĂ©rinatalitĂ© et des rapports sociaux qu'elles suscitent tout en continuant Ă  colporter des images plus traditionnelles. L'importance accordĂ©e dans les deux tĂ©lĂ©romans du corpus aux rĂŽles de marraine et de parrain a Ă©tĂ© une des surprises de ce mĂ©moire: rĂŽles qui sanctifient dĂ©sormais la place prĂ©pondĂ©rante des amis au sein de la famille symbolique tĂ©lĂ©romanesque. Dans l'ensemble, il peut ĂȘtre dit que les mĂšres sont dĂ©sireuses d'avoir des enfants tout en continuant Ă  travailler, les pĂšres vivent une pĂ©riode majeure de questionnement, le modĂšle de la famille nuclĂ©aire de type patriarcal a cĂ©dĂ© du terrain Ă  de nouveaux modĂšles variĂ©s, le monde mĂ©dical domine le systĂšme de santĂ© pĂ©rinatal. Les prĂ©occupations sociales propres Ă  la pĂ©rinatalitĂ© sont abordĂ©es dans une moindre proportion qu'il avait Ă©tĂ© prĂ©vu. Par contre, ces prĂ©occupations passent sans contredit par le privĂ© et par un effet d'actualitĂ©. Finalement, il ressort que le contexte discursif et les contraintes de production et de genre qui s'y arriment influencent la construction des reprĂ©sentations de la pĂ©rinatalitĂ©. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : tĂ©lĂ©roman, reprĂ©sentation, pĂ©rinatalitĂ©, grossess

    SINHCAF/FAM60A and SIN3A specifically repress HIF 2α expression

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    The SIN3A–HDAC (histone deacetylase) complex is a master transcriptional repressor, required for development but often deregulated in disease. Here, we report that the recently identified new component of this complex, SINHCAF (SIN3A and HDAC-associated factor)/FAM60A (family of homology 60A), links the SIN3A–HDAC co-repressor complex function to the hypoxia response. We show that SINHCAF specifically represses HIF-2α mRNA and protein expression, via its interaction with the transcription factor SP1 (specificity protein 1) and recruitment of HDAC1 to the HIF-2α promoter. SINHCAF control over HIF-2α results in functional cellular changes in in vitro angiogenesis and viability. Our analysis reveals an unexpected link between SINHCAF and the regulation of the hypoxia response

    Correction of Population Stratification in Large Multi-Ethnic Association Studies

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    The vast majority of genetic risk factors for complex diseases have, taken individually, a small effect on the end phenotype. Population-based association studies therefore need very large sample sizes to detect significant differences between affected and non-affected individuals. Including thousands of affected individuals in a study requires recruitment in numerous centers, possibly from different geographic regions. Unfortunately such a recruitment strategy is likely to complicate the study design and to generate concerns regarding population stratification.We analyzed 9,751 individuals representing three main ethnic groups - Europeans, Arabs and South Asians - that had been enrolled from 154 centers involving 52 countries for a global case/control study of acute myocardial infarction. All individuals were genotyped at 103 candidate genes using 1,536 SNPs selected with a tagging strategy that captures most of the genetic diversity in different populations. We show that relying solely on self-reported ethnicity is not sufficient to exclude population stratification and we present additional methods to identify and correct for stratification.Our results highlight the importance of carefully addressing population stratification and of carefully “cleaning” the sample prior to analyses to obtain stronger signals of association and to avoid spurious results

    Mechanisms of hypoxic up-regulation of versican gene expression in macrophages

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    Hypoxia is a hallmark of many pathological tissues. Macrophages accumulate in hypoxic sites and up-regulate a range of hypoxia-inducible genes. The matrix proteoglycan versican has been identified as one such gene, but the mechanisms responsible for hypoxic induction are not fully characterised. Here we investigate the up-regulation of versican by hypoxia in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM), and, intriguingly, show that versican mRNA is up-regulated much more highly (>600 fold) by long term hypoxia (5 days) than by 1 day of hypoxia (48 fold). We report that versican mRNA decay rates are not affected by hypoxia, demonstrating that hypoxic induction of versican mRNA is mediated by increased transcription. Deletion analysis of the promoter identified two regions required for high level promoter activity of luciferase reporter constructs in human macrophages. The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 has previously been implicated as a key potential regulator of versican expression in hypoxia, however our data suggest that HIF-1 up-regulation is unlikely to be principally responsible for the high levels of induction observed in HMDM. Treatment of HMDM with two distinct specific inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), LY290042 and wortmannin, significantly reduced induction of versican mRNA by hypoxia and provides evidence of a role for PI3K in hypoxic up-regulation of versican expression

    Estimation of genetic parameters of Thoroughbred racing performance in the Czech Republic

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    The aim of this study was to estimate the breeding value of English Thoroughbreds in the Czech Republic using racing results from a 22-year period (1980–2001). The data include the performance of two and three-year-old horses which raced in flat races at hippodromes in the Czech Republic. The racing results (30 203) were available corresponding to 6 333 horses descending from 762 sires and 2 836 dams. Different criteria were applied in order to analyse the performance: Log of earnings per race, a normalized ranking value, distance of the race when placed, earnings and number of starts for 2, 3, 2+3 year-old horses. After preliminary studies, a year effect or a sex by year effect was finally retained. Variance component estimation using VCE software gave the following values for heritability (±standard errors): 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.01 for the Log of earnings per race and the ranking value. Repeatability was 0.31 and 0.35, respectively. The maternal environment component was evaluated as 0.02 ± 0.004 for the Log of earnings per race and 0.03 ± 0.004 for the ranking value. We found that the Log of earnings per race and the ranking value were two appropriate criteria when taking into account racing performance in selection for Thoroughbreds in the Czech Republic. The genetic correlation of the two criteria was 0.98 ± 0.003. The heritability for the distance when placed was 0.18 ± 0.01. The genetic correlation of the Log of earnings per race and distance was medium, 0.38 ± 0.05 and of the same order, 0.39 ± 0.05 for ranking value and distance. In the case where we used the Log of annual earnings and the number of starts, the heritabilities were for the Log of earnings: 0.15 ± 0.03 for two-year-olds, 0.34 ± 0.03 for three-year-olds and 0.32 ± 0.03 for two and three-year-old careers together and respectively, 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.03 and 0.20 ± 0.02 for number of starts. The genetic correlations between the earnings and the number of starts were respectively: 0.26 ± 0.14, 0.33 ± 0.06 and 0.19 ± 0.07. The genetic correlation between the number of starts for two and three year-olds which was restricted to horses earning money for two consecutive years, was average: 0.35 ± 0.05 and between earnings for the same ages was high 0.80 ± 0.04.Estimation de la valeur gĂ©nĂ©tique du Pur Sang Anglais en RĂ©publique TchĂšque. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait d’estimer la valeur gĂ©nĂ©tique des Pur Sang de la RĂ©publique TchĂšque Ă  l’aide des rĂ©sultats de course sur une pĂ©riode de 22 ans (1980–2001). Notre fichier comprend les performances Ă  2 et 3 ans des chevaux ayant couru en plat sur les hippodromes TchĂšques soit 30 203 rĂ©sultats de courses de 6 333 chevaux issus de 762 Ă©talons et 2 836 pouliniĂšres. La performance a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©hendĂ©e par diffĂ©rents critĂšres, le Log du gain par course, une valeur calculĂ©e Ă  partir du rang d’arrivĂ©e, la distance de course si le cheval est placĂ©, le gain et le nombre de dĂ©parts Ă  2, 3 et 2+3 ans. AprĂšs quelques analyses prĂ©liminaires un effet annĂ©e ou un effet sexe par annĂ©e a finalement Ă©tĂ© retenu. L’estimation des composantes de la variance par l’utilisation du programme VCE a donnĂ© les valeurs suivantes pour l’hĂ©ritabilitĂ© (± Ă©cart-type) 0,14 ± 0,01 et 0,16 ± 0,01 pour le Log du gain par course et la valeur issue du classement. La rĂ©pĂ©tabilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© de 0,31 et 0,35 respectivement. La composante environnement maternel a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  0,02 ± 0,004 pour le Log du gain par course et Ă  0,03 ± 0,004 pour la valeur issue du classement. Ces deux critĂšres constituent deux moyens appropriĂ©s d’apprĂ©hender les performances pour la sĂ©lection des Pur sang en RĂ©publique TchĂšque. La corrĂ©lation gĂ©nĂ©tique des deux critĂšres a Ă©tĂ© de 0,98 ± 0,03. Pour les chevaux placĂ©s uniquement, l’hĂ©ritabilitĂ© de la distance de course a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e Ă  0,18 ± 0,01, sa corrĂ©lation gĂ©nĂ©tique avec le Log du gain par course a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©e moyenne 0,38 ± 0,05 et du mĂȘme ordre pour la valeur issue du classement 0,39 ± 0,05. Dans le cas ou l’on utilise le Log du gain et le nombre de dĂ©parts annuels, l’hĂ©ritabilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© pour le Log du gain 0,15 ± 0,03 pour les 2 ans, 0,34 ± 0,03 pour les 3 ans, 0,32 ± 0,03 pour les 2 et 3 ans ensemble et respectivement 0,12 ± 0,03, 0,21 ± 0,03 et 0,20 ± 0,02 pour le nombre de dĂ©parts. La corrĂ©lation gĂ©nĂ©tique entre gains et nombre de dĂ©parts a Ă©tĂ© respectivement 0,26 ± 0,14, 0,33 ± 0,06 et 0,19 ± 0,07. En se limitant aux chevaux ayant gagnĂ© deux annĂ©es consĂ©cutives, la corrĂ©lation gĂ©nĂ©tique entre le nombre de dĂ©parts Ă  2 et 3 ans a Ă©tĂ© moyenne : 0,35 ± 0,05 et entre gains aux mĂȘmes Ăąges elle a Ă©tĂ© forte : 0,80 ± 0,04

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    Immune Response and Intraocular Inflammation in Patients With Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Treated With Intravitreal Injection of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 2 Carrying the ND4 Gene

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    International audienceImportance: Intravitreal gene therapy is regarded as generally safe with limited mild adverse events, but its systemic effects remain to be investigated.Objective: To examine the association between immune response and intraocular inflammation after ocular gene therapy with recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 carrying the ND4 gene (rAAV2/2-ND4).Design, Setting, and Participants:This secondary analysis of an open-label, dose-escalation phase 1/2 randomized clinical trial of rAAV2/2-ND4 included data from February 13, 2014 (first patient visit), to March 30, 2017 (last patient visit at week 96), the first 2 years after injection. Patients older than 15 years with diagnosed ND4 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and visual acuity of at least counting fingers were enrolled in 1 of 5 cohorts. Four dose cohorts of 3 patients each were treated sequentially. An extension cohort of 3 patients received the dose of 9 × 1010 viral genomes per eye.Interventions: Patients received increasing doses of rAAV2/2-ND4 (9 × 109, 3 × 1010, 9 × 1010, and 1.8 × 1011 viral genomes per eye) as a single unilateral intravitreal injection. Patients were monitored for 96 weeks after injection; ocular examinations were performed regularly, and blood samples were collected for immunologic testing.Main Outcomes and Measures: A composite ocular inflammation score (OIS) was calculated based on grades of anterior chamber cells and flare, vitreous cells, and haze according to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature. The systemic immune response was quantified by enzyme-linked immunospot (cellular immune response), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgG titers), and luciferase assay (neutralizing antibody [NAb] titers).Results: The present analysis included 15 patients (mean [SD] age, 47.9 [17.2] years; 13 men and 2 women) enrolled in the 5 cohorts of the clinical trial. Thirteen patients experienced intraocular inflammation after rAAV2/2-ND4 administration. Mild anterior chamber inflammation and vitritis were reported at all doses, and all cases were responsive to treatment. A maximum OIS of 9.5 was observed in a patient with history of idiopathic uveitis. Overall, OIS was not associated with the viral dose administered. No NAbs against AAV2 were detected in aqueous humor before treatment. Two patients tested positive for cellular immune response against AAV2 at baseline and after treatment. Humoral immune response was not apparently associated with the dose administered or with the immune status of patients at baseline. No association was found between OISs and serum NAb titers.Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, intravitreal administration of rAAV2/2-ND4 in patients with LHON was safe and well tolerated. Further investigations may shed light into the local immune response to rAAV2/2-ND4 as a potential explanation for the observed intraocular inflammation
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