Loss of α-Synuclein Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Rodent Neurons.

Increased α-synuclein (αsyn) and mitochondrial dysfunction play central roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and lowering αsyn is under intensive investigation as a therapeutic strategy for PD. Increased αsyn levels disrupt mitochondria and impair respiration, while reduced αsyn protects against mitochondrial toxins, suggesting that interactions between αsyn and mitochondria influences the pathologic and physiologic functions of αsyn. However, we do not know if αsyn affects normal mitochondrial function or if lowering αsyn levels impacts bioenergetic function, especially at the nerve terminal where αsyn is enriched. To determine if αsyn is required for normal mitochondrial function in neurons, we comprehensively evaluated how lowering αsyn affects mitochondrial function. We found that αsyn knockout (KO) does not affect the respiration of cultured hippocampal neurons or cortical and dopaminergic synaptosomes, and that neither loss of αsyn nor all three (α, β and γ) syn isoforms decreased mitochondria-derived ATP levels at the synapse. Similarly, neither αsyn KO nor knockdown altered the capacity of synaptic mitochondria to meet the energy requirements of synaptic vesicle cycling or influenced the localization of mitochondria to dopamine (DA) synapses in vivo. Finally, αsyn KO did not affect overall energy metabolism in mice assessed with a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. These studies suggest either that αsyn has little or no significant physiological effect on mitochondrial bioenergetic function, or that any such functions are fully compensated for when lost. These results implicate that αsyn levels can be reduced in neurons without impairing (or improving) mitochondrial bioenergetics or distribution

Novel Small Molecules Targeting the Intrinsically Disordered Structural Ensemble of a-Synuclein Protect Against Diverse a-Synuclein Mediated Dysfunctions

The over-expression and aggregation of α-synuclein (αSyn) are linked to the onset and pathology of Parkinson’s disease. Native monomeric αSyn exists in an intrinsically disordered ensemble of interconverting conformations, which has made its therapeutic targeting by small molecules highly challenging. Nonetheless, here we successfully target the monomeric structural ensemble of αSyn and thereby identify novel drug-like small molecules that impact multiple pathogenic processes. Using a surface plasmon resonance high-throughput screen, in which monomeric αSyn is incubated with microchips arrayed with tethered compounds, we identified novel αSyn interacting drug-like compounds. Because these small molecules could impact a variety of αSyn forms present in the ensemble, we tested representative hits for impact on multiple αSyn malfunctions in vitro and in cells including aggregation and perturbation of vesicular dynamics. We thereby identified a compound that inhibits αSyn misfolding and is neuroprotective, multiple compounds that restore phagocytosis impaired by αSyn overexpression, and a compound blocking cellular transmission of αSyn. Our studies demonstrate that drug-like small molecules that interact with native αSyn can impact a variety of its pathological processes. Thus, targeting the intrinsically disordered ensemble of αSyn offers a unique approach to the development of small molecule research tools and therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease

Novel Small Molecules Targeting the Intrinsically Disordered Structural Ensemble of α-Synuclein Protect Against Diverse α-Synuclein Mediated Dysfunctions

Funder: Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100000011Abstract: The over-expression and aggregation of α-synuclein (αSyn) are linked to the onset and pathology of Parkinson’s disease. Native monomeric αSyn exists in an intrinsically disordered ensemble of interconverting conformations, which has made its therapeutic targeting by small molecules highly challenging. Nonetheless, here we successfully target the monomeric structural ensemble of αSyn and thereby identify novel drug-like small molecules that impact multiple pathogenic processes. Using a surface plasmon resonance high-throughput screen, in which monomeric αSyn is incubated with microchips arrayed with tethered compounds, we identified novel αSyn interacting drug-like compounds. Because these small molecules could impact a variety of αSyn forms present in the ensemble, we tested representative hits for impact on multiple αSyn malfunctions in vitro and in cells including aggregation and perturbation of vesicular dynamics. We thereby identified a compound that inhibits αSyn misfolding and is neuroprotective, multiple compounds that restore phagocytosis impaired by αSyn overexpression, and a compound blocking cellular transmission of αSyn. Our studies demonstrate that drug-like small molecules that interact with native αSyn can impact a variety of its pathological processes. Thus, targeting the intrinsically disordered ensemble of αSyn offers a unique approach to the development of small molecule research tools and therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10-20), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10-13), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10-16) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10-5). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10-3) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10-3). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3′-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P = 9.2 x 10(-20)), ER-negative BC (P = 1.1 x 10(-13)), BRCA1-associated BC (P = 7.7 x 10(-16)) and triple negative BC (P-diff = 2 x 10(-5)). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P = 2 x 10(-3)) and ABHD8 (PPeer reviewe

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Relationship between L-dopa induced dyskinesia and the dopamine D1 receptor in striatal neurons : experimental study and perspectives in therapeutic

Mes travaux de thèse concernent le rôle du récepteur D1 de la dopamine dans les dyskinésies L-dopa induites, effets secondaires extrêmement handicapants du traitement de la maladie de Parkinson. En condition de dénervation striatale mimant l’environnement de la maladie de Parkinson, le traitement chronique par la L-dopa entraine des altérations majeures du trafic intraneuronal et de la signalisation du récepteur D1 de la dopamine dans les principaux neurones cibles de la dopamine, les neurones épineux de taille moyenne du striatum. Il existe en particulier une hypersensibilisation des récepteurs D1 dans les neurones striataux, avec une abondance accrue à la membrane plasmique et une diminution du niveau d’expression de la protéine GRK6 (Protéine kinase des Récepteurs Couplés aux Protéines G 6), un des acteurs clefs des phénomènes de désensibilisation, en relation directe avec l’apparition des dyskinésies.C’est dans ce contexte que se situe mon travail de thèse qui a eu pour objectif de mettre à profit et/ou de développer différents modèles expérimentaux et outils « in vivo » et « in vitro ». Nous avons associé des techniques d’imagerie cellulaire et tissulaire à des approches comportementales, afin d’explorer certains des événements cellulaires et moléculaires à l’échelle du neurone striatal et des réseaux neuronaux, reliant le niveau d’expression du récepteur D1, sa compartimentation cellulaire, son trafic intraneuronal et les dyskinésies ou des conditions pharmacologiques équivalentes.Nous avons confirmé dans le modèle du rat lésé unilatéralement à la 6-OHDA, traité par la L-dopa et développant des mouvements anormaux analogues aux dyskinésies chez l’homme, que le récepteur D1 est anormalement abondant à la membrane plasmique des neurones du striatum, alors qu’il devrait être internalisé après stimulation par son ligand naturel, la dopamine. Nous avons mis en évidence que les mécanismes d’internalisation après stimulation par un agoniste restent néanmoins fonctionnels. Après administration de l’agoniste D1, chez les animaux dyskinétiques, l’abondance des récepteurs D1 augmente dans les compartiments notamment impliqués dans les mécanismes d’internalisation et de transport (vésicules) et de dégradation (corps multivésiculaires). Nous avons apporté une explication possible à cette abondance anormale et à ce défaut d’internalisation, en montrant qu’ils pourraient être dus à une hétérodimérisation entre les récepteurs D1 et D3. La co-activation des récepteurs D1 et D3 par la L-dopa favoriserait l’ancrage du récepteur D1 à la membrane plasmique des neurones striataux.Dans ce cadre, l’abord de l’étude de l’implication du protéasome dans la régulation de l’expression du récepteur D1 de la dopamine nous a semblé particulièrement important, sur la base des premières études soulignant l’implication de ce système catalytique dans le contrôle de l’activité et du métabolisme des récepteurs aux neurotransmetteurs. Nous avons révélé pour la première fois des liens entre l’activité catalytique du protéasome et la dynamique intraneuronale du récepteur D1 et plus particulièrement nous avons montré que son activité chymotrypsine-like est réduite de façon spécifique dans le striatum d’animaux dyskinétiques, comme une conséquence directe d’une déplétion en dopamine associée à une hyperstimulation dopaminergique.Nous avons testé en situation expérimentale une stratégie « thérapeutique » nouvelle en restaurant le mécanisme de désensibilisation homologue du récepteur D1 de la dopamine, par correction du déficit de la kinase GRK6 par transfert du gène correspondant via l’injection intrastriatale d’un vecteur lentiviral. Nous avons montré que cette approche permet de réduire considérablement la sévérité des dyskinésies dans les modèles rat et primate non-humain, analogues des dyskinésies chez l’homme et qu’elle restaure les effets thérapeutiques de la L-dopa. Ces effets sont la conséquence de la restauration des mécanismes de désensibilisation homologue : la surexpression de GRK6 entraîne l’internalisation spécifique des récepteurs D1. L’ensemble de nos résultats s’inscrit dans une démarche de recherche translationnelle menée depuis plusieurs années au laboratoire allant de la cellule au patient, avec pour but de transposer la compréhension des données expérimentales concernant les anomalies de l’expression du récepteur D1 de la dopamine en stratégies thérapeutiques dans les dyskinésies L-dopa induites. Nos investigations montrent qu’il est possible d’agir sur l’expression du récepteur D1 à la membrane plasmique des neurones striataux de manière indirecte, en manipulant trois co-activateurs de son métabolisme, pour espérer réduire « in fine » la sévérité des dyskinésies.In my thesis work, I studied the role of dopamine D1 receptor in L-dopa induced dyskinesia, a debilitating complication of Parkinson's disease’s treatment. In condition of striatal denervation, that mimics the Parkinson's disease environment, chronic treatment with L-dopa leads to major alterations of intraneuronal trafficking and dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the major target of dopamine neurons, the striatal medium spiny neurons. In particularly, there is a D1 receptor hypersensitivity in striatal neurons, with an increased abundance of D1 receptor at the plasma membrane and a decreased level of GRK6 protein expression, a key actor in desensitization mechanism, directly related with the apparition of dyskinesia.In this context, I used different in vitro and in vivo experimental models and tools. I have associated cell and tissue imaging techniques and behavioural approaches in order to explore cellular and molecular events in striatal neuron and neuronal networks, linking the D1 receptor expression level, its cellular compartmentalization, its intraneuronal trafficking and the dyskinesia behaviour or equivalent pharmacological conditions.We confirmed in the rat analog of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia, i.e., the L-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned animals, that D1 receptor is abnormally abundant in the plasma membrane of neurons in the striatum, whereas it should be internalized after stimulation by its natural ligand, the dopamine. We showed that nevertheless the internalization mechanisms after agonist stimulation remains functional. After D1 agonist administration in dyskinetic animals, D1 receptor abundance increases in the cytoplasmic compartments involved in the internalization and transport (vesicles) and degradation (multivesicular bodies) mechanisms. Based on D3 receptor antagonist experiment, we propose that this abnormal abundance and this lack of internalization could be due to heterodimerization between the D1 and D3 receptors. D1 and D3 receptors co-activation by L-dopa might anchor D1 receptor at the plasma membrane of striatal neurons.In this context, analysis of proteasome involvement in the regulation of dopamine D1 receptor expression seemed particularly important, on the basis of the first studies underlying proteasome involvement in the activity and metabolism of neurotransmitter receptors. We demonstrated for the first time links between the proteasomal catalytic activity and D1 receptor intraneuronal dynamics and more particularly we showed that the proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity is reduced specifically in the striatum of dyskinetic animals, as a direct consequence of dopamine depletion associated with dopaminergic hyperstimulation.We tested in experimental condition, a new "therapeutic"strategy in order to restore the dopamine D1 receptor homologous desensitization mechanism, correcting the GRK6 kinase deficit by gene transfer through the intrastriatal injection of a lentiviral vector. We showed that this approach reduces significantly the dyskinesia severity in rat and non-human primate models and restores the L-dopa therapeutic effects. These effects are a consequence of the homologous desensitization mechanisms restoration : indeed GRK6 overexpression provokes specific D1 receptor internalization.Our results are part of a translational research conducted over several years in the laboratory from cell to patient, in order to translate our increased understanding of D1 receptor function abnormalities into therapeutic strategies for L-dopa induced dyskinesia. Our investigations show that it is possible to act on D1 receptor expression at the plasma membrane of striatal neurons via various routes, all resulting into diminished dyskinesia severity

Relationship between L-dopa induced dyskinesia and the dopamine D1 receptor in striatal neurons : experimental study and perspectives in therapeutic

Mes travaux de thèse concernent le rôle du récepteur D1 de la dopamine dans les dyskinésies L-dopa induites, effets secondaires extrêmement handicapants du traitement de la maladie de Parkinson. En condition de dénervation striatale mimant l’environnement de la maladie de Parkinson, le traitement chronique par la L-dopa entraine des altérations majeures du trafic intraneuronal et de la signalisation du récepteur D1 de la dopamine dans les principaux neurones cibles de la dopamine, les neurones épineux de taille moyenne du striatum. Il existe en particulier une hypersensibilisation des récepteurs D1 dans les neurones striataux, avec une abondance accrue à la membrane plasmique et une diminution du niveau d’expression de la protéine GRK6 (Protéine kinase des Récepteurs Couplés aux Protéines G 6), un des acteurs clefs des phénomènes de désensibilisation, en relation directe avec l’apparition des dyskinésies.C’est dans ce contexte que se situe mon travail de thèse qui a eu pour objectif de mettre à profit et/ou de développer différents modèles expérimentaux et outils « in vivo » et « in vitro ». Nous avons associé des techniques d’imagerie cellulaire et tissulaire à des approches comportementales, afin d’explorer certains des événements cellulaires et moléculaires à l’échelle du neurone striatal et des réseaux neuronaux, reliant le niveau d’expression du récepteur D1, sa compartimentation cellulaire, son trafic intraneuronal et les dyskinésies ou des conditions pharmacologiques équivalentes.Nous avons confirmé dans le modèle du rat lésé unilatéralement à la 6-OHDA, traité par la L-dopa et développant des mouvements anormaux analogues aux dyskinésies chez l’homme, que le récepteur D1 est anormalement abondant à la membrane plasmique des neurones du striatum, alors qu’il devrait être internalisé après stimulation par son ligand naturel, la dopamine. Nous avons mis en évidence que les mécanismes d’internalisation après stimulation par un agoniste restent néanmoins fonctionnels. Après administration de l’agoniste D1, chez les animaux dyskinétiques, l’abondance des récepteurs D1 augmente dans les compartiments notamment impliqués dans les mécanismes d’internalisation et de transport (vésicules) et de dégradation (corps multivésiculaires). Nous avons apporté une explication possible à cette abondance anormale et à ce défaut d’internalisation, en montrant qu’ils pourraient être dus à une hétérodimérisation entre les récepteurs D1 et D3. La co-activation des récepteurs D1 et D3 par la L-dopa favoriserait l’ancrage du récepteur D1 à la membrane plasmique des neurones striataux.Dans ce cadre, l’abord de l’étude de l’implication du protéasome dans la régulation de l’expression du récepteur D1 de la dopamine nous a semblé particulièrement important, sur la base des premières études soulignant l’implication de ce système catalytique dans le contrôle de l’activité et du métabolisme des récepteurs aux neurotransmetteurs. Nous avons révélé pour la première fois des liens entre l’activité catalytique du protéasome et la dynamique intraneuronale du récepteur D1 et plus particulièrement nous avons montré que son activité chymotrypsine-like est réduite de façon spécifique dans le striatum d’animaux dyskinétiques, comme une conséquence directe d’une déplétion en dopamine associée à une hyperstimulation dopaminergique.Nous avons testé en situation expérimentale une stratégie « thérapeutique » nouvelle en restaurant le mécanisme de désensibilisation homologue du récepteur D1 de la dopamine, par correction du déficit de la kinase GRK6 par transfert du gène correspondant via l’injection intrastriatale d’un vecteur lentiviral. Nous avons montré que cette approche permet de réduire considérablement la sévérité des dyskinésies dans les modèles rat et primate non-humain, analogues des dyskinésies chez l’homme et qu’elle restaure les effets thérapeutiques de la L-dopa. Ces effets sont la conséquence de la restauration des mécanismes de désensibilisation homologue : la surexpression de GRK6 entraîne l’internalisation spécifique des récepteurs D1. L’ensemble de nos résultats s’inscrit dans une démarche de recherche translationnelle menée depuis plusieurs années au laboratoire allant de la cellule au patient, avec pour but de transposer la compréhension des données expérimentales concernant les anomalies de l’expression du récepteur D1 de la dopamine en stratégies thérapeutiques dans les dyskinésies L-dopa induites. Nos investigations montrent qu’il est possible d’agir sur l’expression du récepteur D1 à la membrane plasmique des neurones striataux de manière indirecte, en manipulant trois co-activateurs de son métabolisme, pour espérer réduire « in fine » la sévérité des dyskinésies.In my thesis work, I studied the role of dopamine D1 receptor in L-dopa induced dyskinesia, a debilitating complication of Parkinson's disease’s treatment. In condition of striatal denervation, that mimics the Parkinson's disease environment, chronic treatment with L-dopa leads to major alterations of intraneuronal trafficking and dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the major target of dopamine neurons, the striatal medium spiny neurons. In particularly, there is a D1 receptor hypersensitivity in striatal neurons, with an increased abundance of D1 receptor at the plasma membrane and a decreased level of GRK6 protein expression, a key actor in desensitization mechanism, directly related with the apparition of dyskinesia.In this context, I used different in vitro and in vivo experimental models and tools. I have associated cell and tissue imaging techniques and behavioural approaches in order to explore cellular and molecular events in striatal neuron and neuronal networks, linking the D1 receptor expression level, its cellular compartmentalization, its intraneuronal trafficking and the dyskinesia behaviour or equivalent pharmacological conditions.We confirmed in the rat analog of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia, i.e., the L-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned animals, that D1 receptor is abnormally abundant in the plasma membrane of neurons in the striatum, whereas it should be internalized after stimulation by its natural ligand, the dopamine. We showed that nevertheless the internalization mechanisms after agonist stimulation remains functional. After D1 agonist administration in dyskinetic animals, D1 receptor abundance increases in the cytoplasmic compartments involved in the internalization and transport (vesicles) and degradation (multivesicular bodies) mechanisms. Based on D3 receptor antagonist experiment, we propose that this abnormal abundance and this lack of internalization could be due to heterodimerization between the D1 and D3 receptors. D1 and D3 receptors co-activation by L-dopa might anchor D1 receptor at the plasma membrane of striatal neurons.In this context, analysis of proteasome involvement in the regulation of dopamine D1 receptor expression seemed particularly important, on the basis of the first studies underlying proteasome involvement in the activity and metabolism of neurotransmitter receptors. We demonstrated for the first time links between the proteasomal catalytic activity and D1 receptor intraneuronal dynamics and more particularly we showed that the proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity is reduced specifically in the striatum of dyskinetic animals, as a direct consequence of dopamine depletion associated with dopaminergic hyperstimulation.We tested in experimental condition, a new "therapeutic"strategy in order to restore the dopamine D1 receptor homologous desensitization mechanism, correcting the GRK6 kinase deficit by gene transfer through the intrastriatal injection of a lentiviral vector. We showed that this approach reduces significantly the dyskinesia severity in rat and non-human primate models and restores the L-dopa therapeutic effects. These effects are a consequence of the homologous desensitization mechanisms restoration : indeed GRK6 overexpression provokes specific D1 receptor internalization.Our results are part of a translational research conducted over several years in the laboratory from cell to patient, in order to translate our increased understanding of D1 receptor function abnormalities into therapeutic strategies for L-dopa induced dyskinesia. Our investigations show that it is possible to act on D1 receptor expression at the plasma membrane of striatal neurons via various routes, all resulting into diminished dyskinesia severity