11 research outputs found
institutional framework of in action against land degradation
While econometric and spatial data are increasingly helpful to quantify and locate the extent and costs of land degradation, there is still little understanding of the contextual factors that determine or influence the land users' practices that aggravate or counteract land degradation. In this chapter, we take an institutional economic approach to analyse the persistence of degrading practices, the low adoption of sustainable land management (SLM), or the eventual organisational reaction to land degradation. The chapter reviews four examples of land degradation in different contexts to reveal the multiple driving forces and contextual factors. We then propose a conceptual framework to better understand the incentive structure and factors determining the land users' decision making. A layered analysis of the social phenomena is applied, following Williamson (2000). The chapter shows how actions at different layers can help improve land management. The chapter concludes with practical recommendations for the institutional economic analysis of land degradation
Vulnerable newborn types: analysis of subnational, population-based birth cohorts for 541â285 live births in 23Â countries, 2000-2021.
OBJECTIVE: To examine prevalence of novel newborn types among 541â285 live births in 23 countries from 2000 to 2021. DESIGN: Descriptive multi-country secondary data analysis. SETTING: Subnational, population-based birth cohort studies (nâ=â45) in 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) spanning 2000-2021. POPULATION: Liveborn infants. METHODS: Subnational, population-based studies with high-quality birth outcome data from LMICs were invited to join the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We defined distinct newborn types using gestational age (preterm [PT], term [T]), birthweight for gestational age using INTERGROWTH-21st standards (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age [AGA] or large for gestational age [LGA]), and birthweight (low birthweight, LBW [<2500âg], nonLBW) as ten types (using all three outcomes), six types (by excluding the birthweight categorisation), and four types (by collapsing the AGA and LGA categories). We defined small types as those with at least one classification of LBW, PT or SGA. We presented study characteristics, participant characteristics, data missingness, and prevalence of newborn types by region and study. RESULTS: Among 541â285 live births, 476â939 (88.1%) had non-missing and plausible values for gestational age, birthweight and sex required to construct the newborn types. The median prevalences of ten types across studies were T+AGA+nonLBW (58.0%), T+LGA+nonLBW (3.3%), T+AGA+LBW (0.5%), T+SGA+nonLBW (14.2%), T+SGA+LBW (7.1%), PT+LGA+nonLBW (1.6%), PT+LGA+LBW (0.2%), PT+AGA+nonLBW (3.7%), PT+AGA+LBW (3.6%) and PT+SGA+LBW (1.0%). The median prevalence of small types (six types, 37.6%) varied across studies and within regions and was higher in Southern Asia (52.4%) than in Sub-Saharan Africa (34.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Further investigation is needed to describe the mortality risks associated with newborn types and understand the implications of this framework for local targeting of interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in LMICs
Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91% coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78% of four antenatal care visits, 81% of in-facility delivery, and 87% of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care-including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population.Peer reviewe
Pressure distribution in a reservoir affected by capillarity and hydrodynamic drive: Griffin Field, North West Shelf, Australia
The effects of capillarity in a multilayered reservoir with flow in the aquifer beneath have characteristic signatures on pressure-elevation plots. Such signatures are observed for the Griffin and Scindian/Chinook fields of the Carnarvon Basin North West Shelf of Australia. The Griffin and Scindian/Chinook fields have a highly permeable lower part to the reservoir, a less permeable upper part, and a low permeability top seal. In the Griffin Field there is a systematic tilt of the free-water level in the direction of groundwater flow. Where the oil-water contact occurs in the less permeable part of the reservoir, it lies above the free-water level due to capillarity. In addition to these observable hydrodynamic and capillary effects on hydrocarbon distribution, the multi-well pressure analysis shows that the gas-oil contacts in the Scindian/Chinook fields occur at different elevations. For both the Griffin and Scindian/Chinook fields the oil pressure gradients from each well are non-coincident despite continuous oil saturation, and the difference is not attributable to data error. Furthermore, the shift in oil pressure gradient has a geographical pattern seemingly linked to the hydrodynamics of the aquifer. The simplest explanation for all the observed pressure trends is an oil leg that is still in the process of equilibrating with the prevailing hydrodynamic regime
Examination of The Cevimeline Hydrochloride Hydrate Concomitant Hachiazule and Xylocaine Gargle Therapy
Concurrent infection of Maedi-Visna with lung worms and pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep kept in Debre Berhan Sheep Improvement Station, Central Ethiopia
Factors affecting milk yield and composition of Tunisian camels (Camelus dromedarius) over complete lactation
Vulnerable newborn types: analysis of subnational, populationâbased birth cohorts for 541 285 live births in 23 countries, 2000â2021
Objective: To examine prevalence of novel newborn types among 541â285 live births in 23 countries from 2000 to 2021. Design: Descriptive multi-country secondary data analysis. Setting: Subnational, population-based birth cohort studies (nâ=â45) in 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) spanning 2000â2021. Population: Liveborn infants. Methods: Subnational, population-based studies with high-quality birth outcome data from LMICs were invited to join the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We defined distinct newborn types using gestational age (preterm [PT], term [T]), birthweight for gestational age using INTERGROWTH-21st standards (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age [AGA] or large for gestational age [LGA]), and birthweight (low birthweight, LBW [<2500âg], nonLBW) as ten types (using all three outcomes), six types (by excluding the birthweight categorisation), and four types (by collapsing the AGA and LGA categories). We defined small types as those with at least one classification of LBW, PT or SGA. We presented study characteristics, participant characteristics, data missingness, and prevalence of newborn types by region and study. Results: Among 541â285 live births, 476â939 (88.1%) had non-missing and plausible values for gestational age, birthweight and sex required to construct the newborn types. The median prevalences of ten types across studies were T+AGA+nonLBW (58.0%), T+LGA+nonLBW (3.3%), T+AGA+LBW (0.5%), T+SGA+nonLBW (14.2%), T+SGA+LBW (7.1%), PT+LGA+nonLBW (1.6%), PT+LGA+LBW (0.2%), PT+AGA+nonLBW (3.7%), PT+AGA+LBW (3.6%) and PT+SGA+LBW (1.0%). The median prevalence of small types (six types, 37.6%) varied across studies and within regions and was higher in Southern Asia (52.4%) than in Sub-Saharan Africa (34.9%). Conclusions: Further investigation is needed to describe the mortality risks associated with newborn types and understand the implications of this framework for local targeting of interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in LMICs
The Family Acholeplasmataceae (Including Phytoplasmas)The Prokaryotes
The family Acholeplasmataceae was originally established to
accommodate the genus Acholeplasma, comprising the mollicutes that
could be cultivated without the supplement of cholesterol and that
use UGA as a stop codon instead of coding for tryptophan. It was
later shown that the phytoplasmas, a large group of uncultivable,
wall-less, non-helical mollicutes that are associated with plants and
insects, shared taxonomically relevant properties with members of the
genus Acholeplasma. Being not cultivable in vitro in axenic culture, the
phytoplasmas could not be classified using the standards used for other
mollicutes and are named using the category of Candidatus, as âCa.
Phytoplasma.â
Although phytoplasmas are associated with habitats and ecology
different from acholeplasmas, the two genera Acholeplasma and
âCandidatus Phytoplasmaâ are phylogenetically related and form a
distinct clade within the Mollicutes. The persisting inability to grow
the phytoplasmas in vitro hinders the identification of their distinctive
phenotypic traits, important criteria for mollicute classification. Until
supplemental phenotypic traits become available, the genus âCandidatus
Phytoplasmaâ is designated, on the basis of phylogeny, as a tentative
member in the family Acholeplasmataceae. Phylogenetic analysis based
on gene sequences, in particular, ribosomal sequences, has provided
the major supporting evidence for the composition and taxonomic
subdivision of this group of organisms with diverse habitats and ecology
and has become the mainstream for the Acholeplasmataceae systematics.
However, without the ability to determine phenotypic properties, the
circumscription of related species among the non culturable members of
the family remains a major issue.
The genus Acholeplasma comprises 14 species predominantly associated
with animals and isolated from mammalian fluids but regarded as not
normally pathogenic. Conversely, the genus âCa. Phytoplasmaâ includes
plant pathogens of major economic relevance worldwide. To date, 36
âCa. Phytoplasma speciesâ have been described