Cyclic and constacyclic codes over a non-chain ring

oai:ojs2.jacodesmath.com:article/1In this study, we consider linear and especially cyclic codes over the non-chain ring $Z_{p}[v]/\langle v^{p}-v\rangle$ where $p$ is a prime. This is a generalization of the case $p=3.$ Further, in this work the structure of constacyclic codes are studied as well. This study takes advantage mainly from a Gray map which preserves the distance between codes over this ring and $p$-ary codes and moreover this map enlightens the structure of these codes. Furthermore, a MacWilliams type identity is presented together with some illustrative examples

Impact assessment of supply-side and demand-side policies on energy consumption and CO2 emissions from urban passenger transportation : the case of Istanbul

The transportation sector accounts for about a quarter of global energy consumption and energy-related carbon emissions. To design and realize sustainable urban transportation, it is vital to understand and analyze interactions between a set of dynamic factors that shape transportation patterns, behaviors, and impacts. To this end, this study aims to develop a systems dynamics (SD) model for Istanbul, Turkey to simulate its urban motorized passenger transport system for analyzing numerous policies under different scenarios and assessing their potential effects in reducing energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in the upcoming years. The constructed SD model includes four subsystems: population, household disposable income, transport, and energy and CO 2 emissions. Based on historical data (2000–2015) and model validation processes, the energy consumption and the associated CO 2 emissions from motorized passenger transport are forecasted for the following scenarios. The first one is business as usual scenario (BAU) which is designed to show how energy use and the associated CO 2 emissions would evolve over time with the current development plans. The second and third scenarios constitute supply management measures (SMM) which consider different levels of improvements in the fuel economy of the vehicle fleet and reduced carbon emission intensity in electricity generation through increased share of renewable energy use. The fourth and fifth scenarios consider travel demand management (TDM) policies that include different levels of transport cost increase, and trip length reduction. Finally, the last two scenarios include integrated scenarios that are composed of the SMM and TDM options. In detail, compared to the BAU scenario, integrated scenario considers (1) a 10% improvement in the fuel economy of the vehicles, (2) a 10% reduction in the emission intensity of electricity generation, (3) a 30% increase in the transportation cost, and (4) a 15% reduction in the trip lengths. Under the BAU scenario, the SD model shows that energy consumption per capita from passenger trips will increase from 183 L of oil equivalent in 2016 to 315 L of oil equivalent in 2025 while the associated CO 2 emissions per capita will increase from 460 kg in 2016 to 807 kg in 2025. To combat this dramatic growth, the findings indicate that the ambitious integrated scenario achieves the lowest energy consumption and CO 2 emissions by offering a 33.5% expected reduction in total energy consumption and a 32.8% expected reduction in total CO 2 emissions

The Place of Histochemical Stains for Differential Diagnosis in Duodenal Biopsies

The biopsy is the primary examination method in diagnosing duodenal pathologies and Gluten enteropathy that can cause symptoms such as gas, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, osteoporosis. Allows monitoring of response to therapy. Histochemical studies are inevitable in specific findings such as reactive changes, giardia, subepithelial collagen thickening, fibrosis, and gastric metaplasia. We aimed to understand the contribution of histochemical applications to differential diagnosis and to show their superiority compared to hematoxylin-eosin sections in routine use by simultaneously making histomorphological evaluations on hematoxylin and eosin sections. This research is a retrospective study conducted in 2011, using the archives of Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, between 2001-2010. Ten normal, 50 Gluten enteropathy and 50 duodenitis samples; Along with histopathological examinations, we applied Masson Trichrome, Periodic acid-Schiff, Periodic acid-Schiff with diastasis, Periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue, High Iron Diamine-Alcian Blue. Chi-square, likelihood ratio tests, and SPSS (ver: 13) statistical package program used. We detected microscopic findings parallel to diagnostic criteria. While the number of goblet cells and intraepithelial neutrophils did not differ in the groups (P =0.176 and P=0.096), there was a significant variation in the intraepithelial lymphocyte count (P=0.010). The frequency of flattening and blunting of the villi, crypt hyperplasia, and Brunner gland hyperplasia were significant in gluten enteropathies (P=0.000). Conclusion We could not find any difference in specific pathologies associated with histochemical studies in our group, so hematoxylin-eosin sections are more valuable in the differential diagnosis

Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A carbon-tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis model in rats

Hepatoprotective activity of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oil was studied using a carbon tetrachloride-  induced liver fibrosis model in rats. The hepatotoxicity produced by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration  was found to be inhibited by Foeniculum vulgare essential oil with evidence of decreased levels of  serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Histopathological  findings also suggest that Foeniculum vulgare essential oil prevents the development of chronic liver  damage. The changes in body weights in the rats assigned to the study groups supported these biochemical  and histopathological findings. The results of this study clearly indicate that Foeniculum vulgare essential oil  has a potent hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Significance of ki-67, Bcl-2 and C-erbB2 markers in benign, premalign and malign prostatic lesions

Amaç: Bu çalışmada benign, premalign ve malign prostat lezyonlarında Ki-67, bcl-2 ve c-erbB2 belirteçlerinin önemi ve karsinomun histolojik derecelendirmesinde belirteçlerin yararlılığı incelendi.Hastalar ve Yöntem: 1998-2008 yılları arasında 38 benign prostat hiperplazisi (BPH), 35 adenokarsinom (PCA) ve 16 prostatik intraepitelyal neoplazi (PİN) tanısı almış 89 olguya ait örneklere immünohistokimyasal olarak Ki-67, bcl-2 ve cerb-B2 uygulandı ve pozitif hücrelerin yüzdesine göre immünboyanmalar skorlandı.Bulgular: Ki-67 ile benign lezyonlarda düşük oranda boyanma oranı, karsinomlarda daha yüksek oranda boyanma oranı bulundu. Karsinomlarda Gleason derecesi yüksek olan olguların Ki-67 boyanma oranı, derecesi düşük olanlara göre yüksek bulunarak, Ki-67 immünboyanmasının Gleason skoruyla ilişkili olduğu gösterildi. Bcl-2 ile benign ve premalign lezyonlarda bazal tabakada yüksek oranda boyanma gözlenirken, malign lezyonlarda hiç boyanma saptanmadı. C-erbB2 ile ilginç olarak olguların hiçbirinde boyanma görülmedi.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak Ki-67nin malign lezyonlarda artan histolojik grade ile ilişkili olduğu gözlendi. Ayrıca Ki-67nin benign ve premalign lezyonların ayırıcı tanısında yararlı olabileceği kanısına varıldı. Bcl-2nin bazal tabaka belirteci olarak klasik belirteçlere ek olarak yararlı olabileceği düşünüldü.Background: In this study, we studied the importance of Ki-67, bcl-2 and c-erbB2 markers in benign, premalign and malign prostate lesions, and the usefulness of these markers for histologic grading of carcinoma.Methods: We applied Ki-67, bcl-2 and c-erbB2 as immunohistochemical markers to the samples from a total of 89 cases including 38 diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 35 adenocarcinoma (PCA), 16 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in the years between 1998 and 2008, and we scored immunostains according to the percentage of positive cells.Results: Lower staining proportion was found for Ki-67 in benign lesions, with higher staining proportion in carcinoma. Our results demonstrate that Ki-67 immunostains are related to Gleason score. Among cases in which there is a high Gleason score, stain proportion was found to be much higher than with low Gleason score. However, bcl-2 immunstains indicated considerable stain at the basal layer, with benign and premalign lesions, but there was no sign of staining in malign lesions at all. Interestingly there was no staining of any cases for c-erbB2.Conclusion: Consequently, it was observed that Ki-67 is related to increased histological grade in malign lesions. We concluded that Ki-67 is usefull in the differential diagnosis of benign and premalign lesions. Also bcl-2 is thought to be useful as basal layer marker in addition to classical markers

Frequency of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism in Turkish acute stroke patients

This study was performed in acute stroke patients in the Turkish population to determine the frequency of the A1166C polymorphism in the AT1 gene and to examine the role of this polymorphism in acute stroke development. In this study, 257 genomic DNA samples were analysed (from 206 acute stroke patients and 51 healthy individuals). Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood using the salt-extraction method. The presence of the A1166C polymorphism in the AT1 gene was determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. PCR products were separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. In this study, the allele frequency at the A1166C position was 92% A and 8% C for control and 97% A and 3% C for patients. This difference in allele frequency between the control group and the patient group was not statistically significant. However, genotype and allele frequencies showed a significant difference (P<0.001) in the control and the patient groups. The results of this study show no relationship between the A1166C polymorphism in the AT1 gene and acute stroke in the Turkish population

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass