L’institution de l’arbitrage dans le droit de l’ère post-byzantine — Le cas de l’île de Paxi

La disparition de Byzance n’est pas partout synonyme de l’installation d’un pouvoir musulman : dans les îles ioniennes, et donc à Paxi, on n’a connu que la présence vénitienne (1381-1814). Après une étude générale sur l’institution de l’arbitrage à cette époque sur toute l’aire de la Grèce actuelle, l’auteur s’intéresse au cas de cette île où les nombreuses sources permettent de décrire en détail le rôle des arbitres. Sur ce territoire se rencontraient droit coutumier, droit byzantin et pratiques instaurées par la Sérénissime.Byzantium disappearing has not caused everywhere the installation of Islamic power: in the Ionian Islands, thus in Paxi, the only one domination came from Venice (1381-1814). The author first addresses a general overview of the institution of arbitration at that time on the whole area of contemporary Greece; then she focuses on this island where numerous sources allow a detailed description of arbitrators’ role. Custom law, Byzantine law and practices originating from the Serenissima met on this territory

Sintesis Pasir Kuarsa dengan menggunakan Metode Sol Gel dan Karakterisasi menggunakan XRD Di Pantai Lowita Kabupaten Pinrang

Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa sintesis dengan tingkat kemurnian yang tinggi terdapat pada sampel B1, C2, dan C3 dengan massa sampel 4,4365, 7,0988, dan 6,8473 gram dan warna Filtrat sampel putih kekuningan. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan kandungan mineral Silicon Dioksida (SiO2) yang tinggi terdapat pada sampel B1 (bagian permukaan) sebanyak 88,7% yang memiliki struktur kristal Hexagonal dengan sumbu a=b= 9,3938 Å dan c= 6,9013 Å, ukuran kristal sebesar 29.56 nm dan nilai densitasnya adalah 3.479 gr/cm3, sedangkan kandungan mineral Silicon Dioksida (SiO2) yang rendah terdapat pada sampel C2 yaitu sebanyak 60% yang memiliki struktur kristal Hexagonal dengan sumbu a=b= 9,3938 Å dan sumbu c=6,9013 Å, ukuran kristal sebesar 24.02 nm dan densitasnya adalah 3.479 gr/cm3

Synergic induction of human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell death by nitric oxide and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist

Purpose: Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as an important regulator of osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cell activity. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between NO-mediated cell death of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5, 10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK801). Methods: Human PDLFs were treated with various concentrations (0 to 4 mM) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with or without 200 μM MK801 in culture media for 16 hours and the cell medium was then removed and replaced by fresh medium containing MTS reagent for cell proliferation assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effects of SNP on the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 proteins. The differences for each value among the sample groups were compared using analysis of variance with 95% confidence intervals. Results: In the case of SNP treatment, as a NO donor, cell viability was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, a synergistic effect was shown when both SNP and NMDA receptor antagonist was added to the medium. SNP treated PDLFs exhibited a round shape in culture conditions and were dramatically reduced in cell number. SNP treatment also increased levels of apoptotic marker protein, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and reduced caspase-3 in PDLFs. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was activated by treatment of SNP and NMDA receptor antagonist. Conclusions: These results suggest that excessive production of NO may induce apoptosis and that NMDA receptor may modulate NO-induced apoptosis in PDLFs. (c) 2011 Korean Academy of Periodontology.This work was supported by a Korea Research Foundation (KRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (No.2009-0077792) and a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Project (A101768), Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea.

Role of Cathepsin S in Periodontal Inflammation and Infection

Cathepsin S is a cysteine protease and regulator of autophagy with possible involvement in periodontitis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether cathepsin S is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Human periodontal fibroblasts were cultured under inflammatory and infectious conditions elicited by interleukin-1β and Fusobacterium nucleatum, respectively. An array-based approach was used to analyze differential expression of autophagy-associated genes. Cathepsin S was upregulated most strongly and thus further studied in vitro at gene and protein levels. In vivo, gingival tissue biopsies from rats with ligature-induced periodontitis and from periodontitis patients were also analyzed at transcriptional and protein levels. Multiple gene expression changes due to interleukin-1β and F. nucleatum were observed in vitro. Both stimulants caused a significant cathepsin S upregulation. A significantly elevated cathepsin S expression in gingival biopsies from rats with experimental periodontitis was found in vivo, as compared to that from control. Gingival biopsies from periodontitis patients showed a significantly higher cathepsin S expression than those from healthy gingiva. Our findings provide original evidence that cathepsin S is increased in periodontal cells and tissues under inflammatory and infectious conditions, suggesting a critical role of this autophagy-associated molecule in the pathogenesis of periodontitis

The role of mechanotransduction versus hypoxia during simulated orthodontic compressive strain—an in vitro study of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) mechanical forces trigger pseudo-inflammatory, osteoclastogenic and remodelling processes in the periodontal ligament (PDL) that are mediated by PDL fibroblasts via the expression of various signalling molecules. Thus far, it is unknown whether these processes are mainly induced by mechanical cellular deformation (mechanotransduction) or by concomitant hypoxic conditions via the compression of periodontal blood vessels. Human primary PDL fibroblasts were randomly seeded in conventional six-well cell culture plates with O-2-impermeable polystyrene membranes and in special plates with gas-permeable membranes (Lumox (R), Sarstedt), enabling the experimental separation of mechanotransducive and hypoxic effects that occur concomitantly during OTM. To simulate physiological orthodontic compressive forces, PDL fibroblasts were stimulated mechanically at 2 g.cm(-2) for 48 h after 24 h of pre-incubation. We quantified the cell viability by MTT assay, gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and protein expression by western blot/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In addition, PDL-fibroblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis (TRAP(+) cells) was measured in a 72-h coculture with RAW264.7 cells. The expression of HIF-1 alpha, COX-2, PGE2, VEGF, COL1A2, collagen and ALPL, and the RANKL/OPG ratios at the mRNA/protein levels during PDL-fibroblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis were significantly elevated by mechanical loading irrespective of the oxygen supply, whereas hypoxic conditions had no significant additional effects. The cellular-molecular mediation of OTM by PDL fibroblasts via the expression of various signalling molecules is expected to be predominantly controlled by the application of force (mechanotransduction), whereas hypoxic effects seem to play only a minor role. In the context of OTM, the hypoxic marker HIF-1 alpha does not appear to be primarily stabilized by a reduced O-2 supply but is rather stabilised mechanically

Table S7: Osteopontin and osteocalcin protein levels

Background The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system plays a critical role in bone remodelling by regulating osteoclast formation and activity. OPG has been used systemically in the treatment of bone diseases. In searching for more effective and safer treatment for bone diseases, we investigated newly formulated OPG-chitosan complexes, which is prepared as a local application for its osteogenic potential to remediate bone defects. Methods We examined high, medium and low molecular weights of chitosan combined with OPG. The cytotoxicity of OPG in chitosan and its proliferation in vitro was evaluated using normal, human periodontal ligament (NHPL) fibroblasts in 2D and 3D cell culture. The cytotoxicity of these combinations was compared by measuring cell survival with a tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) assay and AlamarBlue assay. The cellular morphological changes were observed under an inverted microscope. A propidium iodide and acridine orange double-staining assay was used to evaluate the morphology and quantify the viable and nonviable cells. The expression level of osteopontin and osteocalcin protein in treated normal human osteoblast cells was evaluated by using Western blot. Results The results demonstrated that OPG in combination with chitosan was non-toxic, and OPG combined with low molecular weight chitosan has the most significant effect on NHPL fibroblasts and stimulates proliferation of cells over the period of treatment