Color Confinement and Massive Gluons

Color confinement is one of the central issues in QCD so that there are various interpretations of this feature. In this paper we have adopted the interpretation that colored particles are not subject to observation just because colored states are unphysical in the sense of Eq. (2.16). It is shown that there are two phases in QCD distinguished by different choices of the gauge parameter. In one phase, called the "confinement phase", color confinement is realized and gluons turn out to be massive. In the other phase, called the "deconfinement phase", color confinement is not realized, but the gluons remain massless.Comment: 14 page

Effects of the Anticommons on R&D: The Case of University Corporation in Japan

Patentability of basic research together with complementarity between basic research and commercialization development leads to the problem called "anti-commons" where assigning exclusive rights of a resource to more than one entity reduces usage of the resource. Transition from (not-for-profit) National University to (profit-seeking) University Corporation in Japan may actualize a nightmare of the anti-commons in product innovations of some fields such as biotechnology. This paper, using a two-stage patent race model, shows that we need more expenditure on basic research to compensate for negative effect of the anti-commons on R´&D: as a consequence of the transition to University Corporation, (1) interim expected profits of firms evaluated at the beginning of the commercialization stage become less than half, (2) ex ante expected profits of firms evaluated at the beginning of the basic research stage decrease if total expenditures on basic research under National University is less than twice that under University Corporation, and (3) for social welfare to increase, total expenditure on basic research must increase in the case where consumer surplus is high relative to total revenue from patents and there is a small number of firms competing in the development stage.Anticommons, Sequential Innovation with Complementarity, University Corporation

Asymptotic Limits and Sum Rules for the Quark Propagator

For the structure functions of the quark propagator, the asymptotic behavior is obtained for general, linear, covariant gauges, and in all directions of the complex $k^2$-plane. Asymptotic freedom is assumed. Corresponding previous results for the gauge field propagator are important in the derivation. Except for coefficients, the leading asymptotic terms are determined by one-loop or by two-loop information, and are gauge independent. Various sum rules are derived.Comment: 15 pages, Late

Direct CP Violation Asymmetries in Exclusive B Decays in a Bethe-Salpeter Approach

CP asymmetry in some exclusive decays of charged B meson are calculated in a Bethe-Salpeter approach. Hadronic final state interactions are ignored. Complex decay amplitudes are assumed to arise entirely from perturbative quark-antiquark loops. Calculations are done both with and without the gluon quark-antiquark vacuum polarization loops. The effects of neglecting the imaginary parts arising from the diagonal quark-antiquark loops are also studied.Comment: 15 pages, Latex, 2 eps-figures. Minor revisions. To be published in Phys.Lett.

Multi-scale Renormalization

The Standard MS renormalization prescription is inadequate for dealing with multi-scale problems. To illustrate this we consider the computation of the effective potential in the Higgs-Yukawa model. It is argued that it is natural to employ a two-scale renormalization group. We give a modified version of a two-scale scheme introduced by Einhorn and Jones. In such schemes the beta functions necessarily contain potentially large logarithms of the RG scale ratios. For credible perturbation theory one must implement a large logarithms resumation on the beta functions themselves. We show how the integrability condition for the two RG equations allows one to perform this resummation.Comment: 8 pages, Standard LaTe

Prospects for Closer Economic Relations between Latin America and Asia

Regional integration such as NAFTA, MERCOSUR and FTAA have been flourishing in Latin American countries in the 1990s. In addition to these multi-countries FTAs, many bilateral FTAs have also emerged both among Latin American countries and between them and extra-regional countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the leading factors that are behind the proliferation of intra-regional and inter-regional FTAs of Latin American countries. We also discuss the prospects for bilateral FTAs between Latin America and Asia, particularly focusing on Japan-Mexico and Japan-Chile FTA. Finally, a new approach to cooperation between East Asia and Latin America, the East Asia Latin America Forum (EALAF), will be examined.