Open spaces and public life spatialities: a conceptual proposal to the research of the country's urban open spaces system

Este texto é o resultado da primeira etapa de trabalhos da fase número quatro do Projeto de pesquisa Quapá – Quadro do Paisagismo no Brasil, em desenvolvimento desde 1994 no Laboratório da Paisagem da FAUUSP, e que se voltará para o estudo teórico e metodológico dos sistemas de espaços livres na cidade brasileira, tendo como foco um conjunto das principais cidades de médio e grande porte do país. São apresentados conceitos que nortearão o novo processo de pesquisa, destacando-se os de espaço livre, sistema de espaços livres e áreas verdes.This paper is the result of the first part of the newest stage of projeto Quapá – Quadro do Paisagismo no Brasil in developing at FAUUSP. Nowadays the main subject of the research is the discussion of the adequate concepts to the open and green spaces in a brazilian urban reality and to investigate how it has been its development in the main brazilian cities

TRIAGEM NEONATAL DE IMUNODEFICIÊNCIAS GRAVES COMBINADAS POR MEIO DE TRECS E KRECS: SEGUNDO ESTUDO PILOTO NO BRASIL

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar a quantificação de T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) e kappa-deleting recombination circles (KRECs) por reação em cadeia de polimerase (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) em tempo real (qRT-PCR), para triagem neonatal de imunodeficiências primárias que cursam com defeitos nas células T e/ou B no Brasil. Métodos: Amostras de sangue de recém-nascidos (RN) e controles foram coletadas em papel-filtro. O DNA foi extraído e os TRECs e KRECs foram quantificados por reação duplex de qRT-PCR. O valor de corte foi determinado pela análise de Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve, utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SSPS) (IBM®, Armonk, NY, EUA). Resultados: 6.881 amostras de RN foram analisadas quanto à concentração de TRECs e KRECs. Os valores de TRECs variaram entre 1 e 1.006 TRECs/µL, com média e mediana de 160 e 139 TRECs/µL, respectivamente. Três amostras de pacientes diagnosticados com imunodeficiência grave combinada (severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID) apresentaram valores de TRECs abaixo de 4/µL e um paciente com Síndrome de DiGeorge apresentou TRECs indetectáveis. Os valores de KRECs encontraram-se entre 10 e 1.097 KRECs/µL, com média e mediana de 130 e 108 KRECs/µL, e quatro pacientes com diagnóstico de agamaglobulinemia tiveram resultados abaixo de 4 KRECs/µL. Os valores de corte encontrados foram 15 TRECs/µL e 14 KRECs/µL, e foram estabelecidos de acordo com a análise da Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve, com sensibilidade de 100% para detecção de SCID e agamaglobulinemia, respectivamente. Conclusões: A quantificação de TRECs e KRECs foi capaz de diagnosticar crianças com linfopenias T e/ou B em nosso estudo, validando a técnica e dando o primeiro passo para a implementação da triagem neonatal em grande escala no Brasil

Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved.Circulating autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing high concentrations (10 ng/ml; in plasma diluted 1:10) of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-omega are found in about 10% of patients with critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia but not in individuals with asymptomatic infections. We detect auto-Abs neutralizing 100-fold lower, more physiological, concentrations of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-omega (100 pg/ml; in 1:10 dilutions of plasma) in 13.6% of 3595 patients with critical COVID-19, including 21% of 374 patients >80 years, and 6.5% of 522 patients with severe COVID-19. These antibodies are also detected in 18% of the 1124 deceased patients (aged 20 days to 99 years; mean: 70 years). Moreover, another 1.3% of patients with critical COVID-19 and 0.9% of the deceased patients have auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-beta. We also show, in a sample of 34,159 uninfected individuals from the general population, that auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-omega are present in 0.18% of individuals between 18 and 69 years, 1.1% between 70 and 79 years, and 3.4% >80 years. Moreover, the proportion of individuals carrying auto-Abs neutralizing lower concentrations is greater in a subsample of 10,778 uninfected individuals: 1% of individuals 80 years. By contrast, auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-beta do not become more frequent with age. Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs predate SARS-CoV-2 infection and sharply increase in prevalence after the age of 70 years. They account for about 20% of both critical COVID-19 cases in the over 80s and total fatal COVID-19 cases.Peer reviewe

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

SignificanceThere is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection fatality rate (IFR) doubles with every 5 y of age from childhood onward. Circulating autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α, IFN-ω, and/or IFN-β are found in ∼20% of deceased patients across age groups, and in ∼1% of individuals aged 4% of those >70 y old in the general population. With a sample of 1,261 unvaccinated deceased patients and 34,159 individuals of the general population sampled before the pandemic, we estimated both IFR and relative risk of death (RRD) across age groups for individuals carrying autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs, relative to noncarriers. The RRD associated with any combination of autoantibodies was higher in subjects under 70 y old. For autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α2 or IFN-ω, the RRDs were 17.0 (95% CI: 11.7 to 24.7) and 5.8 (4.5 to 7.4) for individuals <70 y and ≥70 y old, respectively, whereas, for autoantibodies neutralizing both molecules, the RRDs were 188.3 (44.8 to 774.4) and 7.2 (5.0 to 10.3), respectively. In contrast, IFRs increased with age, ranging from 0.17% (0.12 to 0.31) for individuals <40 y old to 26.7% (20.3 to 35.2) for those ≥80 y old for autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α2 or IFN-ω, and from 0.84% (0.31 to 8.28) to 40.5% (27.82 to 61.20) for autoantibodies neutralizing both. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs increase IFRs, and are associated with high RRDs, especially when neutralizing both IFN-α2 and IFN-ω. Remarkably, IFRs increase with age, whereas RRDs decrease with age. Autoimmunity to type I IFNs is a strong and common predictor of COVID-19 death.The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Rockefeller University; the St. Giles Foundation; the NIH (Grants R01AI088364 and R01AI163029); the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards program (Grant UL1 TR001866); a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures; Mercatus Center at George Mason University; the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the Genome Sequencing Program Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (Grants UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956); the Yale High Performance Computing Center (Grant S10OD018521); the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation; the Meyer Foundation; the JPB Foundation; the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the “Investments for the Future” program (Grant ANR-10-IAHU-01); the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID); the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (Grant EQU201903007798); the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral hepatitis (ANRS) Nord-Sud (Grant ANRS-COV05); the ANR GENVIR (Grant ANR-20-CE93-003), AABIFNCOV (Grant ANR-20-CO11-0001), CNSVIRGEN (Grant ANR-19-CE15-0009-01), and GenMIS-C (Grant ANR-21-COVR-0039) projects; the Square Foundation; Grandir–Fonds de solidarité pour l’Enfance; the Fondation du Souffle; the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science; The French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (Grant MESRI-COVID-19); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), REACTing-INSERM; and the University Paris Cité. P. Bastard was supported by the FRM (Award EA20170638020). P. Bastard., J.R., and T.L.V. were supported by the MD-PhD program of the Imagine Institute (with the support of Fondation Bettencourt Schueller). Work at the Neurometabolic Disease lab received funding from Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (Grant ACCI20-767) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 824110 (EASI Genomics). Work in the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease was supported by the NIH (Grants P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, and R01AI091707-10S1), a George Mason University Fast Grant, and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. The Infanta Leonor University Hospital supported the research of the Department of Internal Medicine and Allergology. The French COVID Cohort study group was sponsored by INSERM and supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Grant PHRC 20-0424). The Cov-Contact Cohort was supported by the REACTing consortium, the French Ministry of Health, and the European Commission (Grant RECOVER WP 6). This work was also partly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH (Grants ZIA AI001270 to L.D.N. and 1ZIAAI001265 to H.C.S.). This program is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Grant ANR-10-LABX-69-01). K.K.’s group was supported by the Estonian Research Council, through Grants PRG117 and PRG377. R.H. was supported by an Al Jalila Foundation Seed Grant (Grant AJF202019), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and a COVID-19 research grant (Grant CoV19-0307) from the University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. S.G.T. is supported by Investigator and Program Grants awarded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and a University of New South Wales COVID Rapid Response Initiative Grant. L.I. reports funding from Regione Lombardia, Italy (project “Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità”). This research was partially supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant COV20/0968). J.R.H. reports funding from Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (Grant HHSO10201600031C). S.O. reports funding from Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (Grant JP20fk0108531). G.G. was supported by the ANR Flash COVID-19 program and SARS-CoV-2 Program of the Faculty of Medicine from Sorbonne University iCOVID programs. The 3C Study was conducted under a partnership agreement between INSERM, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study was also supported by the Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, and Ministry of Research–INSERM Program “Cohortes et collections de données biologiques.” S. Debette was supported by the University of Bordeaux Initiative of Excellence. P.K.G. reports funding from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, under Contract 75N91019D00024, Task Order 75N91021F00001. J.W. is supported by a Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) Fundamental Clinical Mandate (Grant 1833317N). Sample processing at IrsiCaixa was possible thanks to the crowdfunding initiative YoMeCorono. Work at Vall d’Hebron was also partly supported by research funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III Grant PI17/00660 cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). C.R.-G. and colleagues from the Canarian Health System Sequencing Hub were supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grants COV20_01333 and COV20_01334), the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (RTC-2017-6471-1; AEI/FEDER, European Union), Fundación DISA (Grants OA18/017 and OA20/024), and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (Grants CGIEU0000219140 and “Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19”). T.H.M. was supported by grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Grants NNF20OC0064890 and NNF21OC0067157). C.M.B. is supported by a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Health Professional-Investigator Award. P.Q.H. and L. Hammarström were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Antibody Therapy Against Coronavirus consortium, Grant 101003650). Work at Y.-L.L.’s laboratory in the University of Hong Kong (HKU) was supported by the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children. MBBS/PhD study of D.L. in HKU was supported by the Croucher Foundation. J.L.F. was supported in part by the Evaluation-Orientation de la Coopération Scientifique (ECOS) Nord - Coopération Scientifique France-Colombie (ECOS-Nord/Columbian Administrative department of Science, Technology and Innovation [COLCIENCIAS]/Colombian Ministry of National Education [MEN]/Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad [ICETEX, Grant 806-2018] and Colciencias Contract 713-2016 [Code 111574455633]). A. Klocperk was, in part, supported by Grants NU20-05-00282 and NV18-05-00162 issued by the Czech Health Research Council and Ministry of Health, Czech Republic. L.P. was funded by Program Project COVID-19 OSR-UniSR and Ministero della Salute (Grant COVID-2020-12371617). I.M. is a Senior Clinical Investigator at the Research Foundation–Flanders and is supported by the CSL Behring Chair of Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID); by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven C1 Grant C16/18/007; by a Flanders Institute for Biotechnology-Grand Challenges - PID grant; by the FWO Grants G0C8517N, G0B5120N, and G0E8420N; and by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. I.M. has received funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement 948959). E.A. received funding from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (Grant INTERFLU 1574). M. Vidigal received funding from the São Paulo Research Foundation (Grant 2020/09702-1) and JBS SA (Grant 69004). The NH-COVAIR study group consortium was supported by a grant from the Meath Foundation.Peer reviewe

Genetic and immunologic factors related to Congenital Zika Syndrome in humans

O zika vírus é um flavivírus que reemergiu nas Américas em 2015 e se tornou um problema de saúde pública internacional. O aumento na prevalência de infecções pelo zika no Brasil coincidiu com o aumento da ocorrência de casos de microcefalia e outras complicações neurológicas em neonatos, cunhando a Síndrome Congênita do Zika. Apesar da gravidade de certos casos, acredita-se que apenas 20% dos infectados manifestem quaisquer sintomas da doença, adicionando-se a isso amplo espectro clínico. Estudos com modelos animais mostraram que apenas linhagens com deficiências em componentes da via de interferon do tipo I são susceptíveis aos danos neurológicos congênitos. Isso, somado a estudos com gêmeos dizigóticos com fenótipos discordantes para a síndrome,sugerem que fatores genéticos da imunidade inata do hospedeiro podem ter papel determinante no curso da infecção e do estabelecimento da síndrome. Sendo assim, o presente estudovisou investigar os mecanismos genéticos do desenvolvimento da Síndrome Congênita do Zika em humanos,com especial foco na resposta imunológica antiviral. Para isso, foram incluídas no estudo mulheres infectadas pelo vírus durante a gestação e também os respectivos filhos, com desenvolvimento normal ou com a Síndrome Congênita do Zika. A investigação genética iniciou através do sequenciamento completo de exoma de 75 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: um composto por 20 mães expostas e 21 crianças afetadas e o segundo composto por 14 mães expostas e 20 crianças saudáveis. Foram selecionadas para análise primária variantes raras e com predição de patogenicidade por ferramentas in silicoem genes associados aos erros inatos da imunidade.Adicionalmente, foi realizada analise exploratória de associação de variantes comuns e raras ao fenótipo da SCZ em quaisquer genes. Não houve evidência para apontar mecanismo causal, contudo foram identificadas variantes em genes que levam a fenótipos sindrômicos associados a defeitos neurológicos (KMT2A, KMT2D, RTEL1 e NFE2L2 em genes que codificam proteínas que interagem com componentes da imunidade antiviral (RELA, TNFAIP3) e genes associados ao fenótipo da síndrome congênita que sãopreferencialmente expressos no cérebro (CNTNAP3,FOXD4L6 ) .Todos esses podem ser fatores genéticos modificadores que contribuem individualmente em pequena escala para a severidade do fenótipo dos indivíduos afetados e também pode indicar não há um único gene ou mecanismo capaz de levar à SCZ, mas sim, uma multiplicidade de fatores que podem contribuir para o desfecho final.Zika virus is a flavivirus that re-emerged in the Americas in 2015 and has become an international public health problem. The increase in the prevalence of Zika infections in Brazil coincided with the increase in the occurrence of cases of microcephaly and other neurological complications in neonates, coining the Congenital Zika Syndrome. Despite the severity of certain cases, it is believed that only 20% of those infected children, manifest any symptoms of the disease, which presents with a broad clinical spectrum. Studies with animal models have shown that only strains with deficiencies in components of the type I interferon pathway are susceptible to congenital neurological damage. This, added to studies with dizygotic twins with discordant phenotypes for the syndrome, suggest that genetic factors of the host\'s innate immunity may play a decisive role in the course of the infection and the establishment of the syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic mechanisms of the development of Congenital Zika Syndrome in humans, with special focus on the antiviral immune response. For this purpose, women infected by the virus during pregnancy and their children, with normal development or with Congenital Zika Syndrome, were included in the study. The genetic investigation started with the whole exome sequencing of 75 individuals, divided into two groups: one composed of 20 exposed mothers and 21 affected children and the second composed of 14 exposed mothers and 20 healthy children. Rare variants with prediction of pathogenicity by in silico tools in genes associated with inborn errors of immunity were selected for the primary analysis. Additionally, an exploratory analysis of the association of common and rare variants with the SCZ phenotype was performed, encompassing the whole exome. There was no evidence to pinpoint a causal mechanism, however variants were identified in genes that lead to syndromic phenotypes associated with neurological defects (KMT2A, KMT2D, RTEL1 and NFE2L2 ), genes that encode proteins that interact with components of antiviral immunity (RELA, TNFAIP3 ) and genes associated with the congenital syndrome phenotype that are preferentially expressed in the brain (CNTNAP3, FOXD4L6 ). All of these may be genetic modifying factors that contribute individually on a small scale to the worsening of the phenotype of affected individuals and may also indicate that this is not a single gene or mechanism leading to SCZ, but a multiplicity of factors that may contribute to the final outcome

Genetic and molecular investigation of patients with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency,

A imunodeficiência combinada grave (SCID) é uma doença caracterizada por profunda deficiência de células T, que afeta as imunidades celular e humoral e gera anormalidades graves no desenvolvimento e funções do sistema imune. Recém-nascidos com SCID apresentam a doença nos primeiros meses de vida e tem grande susceptibilidade a infecções. Sem tratamento, essas condições são invariavelmente fatais, porém se reconhecidas precocemente, há a possibilidade da realização do transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas, o tratamento curativo, o que torna a SCID uma emergência pediátrica. A investigação do defeito genético é uma prerrogativa para o condicionamento adequado do transplante, a terapia gênica, o aconselhamento genético e o diagnóstico pré-natal. No Brasil, o conhecimento sobre SCID é incipiente e não existem dados moleculares sobre pacientes com a doença. Sendo assim, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar defeitos genético-moleculares de pacientes brasileiros com SCID. Foram incluídos 13 pacientes, todos com início precoce dos sintomas e manifestações clínicas esperadas em SCID (principalmente infecções respiratórias, de pele, diarreia crônica e atraso de crescimento). Os patógenos isolados foram vírus, bactérias e fungos oportunistas comumente encontrados em pacientes SCID. A partir da quantificação de TRECS e KRECs e imunofenotipagem de linfócitos, foi montado o perfil imunológico de cada paciente, que guiou o sequenciamento direto de Sangerdos genes mais frequentemente mutados em cada imunofenótipo de SCID. Mutações em 3 pacientes foram identificadas por Sanger e, posteriormente, 8 pacientes cujas mutações não foram encontradas no Sanger foram encaminhados para o sequenciamento completo de exoma, que resultou na identificação do gene afetado em 62,5% dos casos. Ao todo, foram identificadas mutações patogênicas em 8 dos 13 pacientes. Os resultados revelaram 6 alterações em 5 genes de SCID clássica (IL7R, RAG2, DCLRE1C, JAK3, IL2RG), 1 mutação no gene CD3G e 2 alterações em CECR1. Das 9 mutações encontradas, 5 não possuíam registro na literatura. O estudo genético de SCID em nosso país é problemático, principalmente porque ainda hoje, a esmagadora maioria dos pacientes não é diagnosticada. A implementação da quantificação de TRECs e KRECs como triagem neonatal para linfopenias graves é uma ferramenta fundamental para que os pacientes SCID possam ser identificados, investigados e tratados adequadamente.Primary immunodeficiencies are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases that lead to increased susceptibility to infections and affect mostly children. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most severe of all these diseases and is characterized by profound T cell deficiency, which affects cellular and humoral immunities and leads to severe abnormalities in the development and function of the immune system. Newborns with SCID present the disease in the first months of life and are highly susceptible to infections. Without treatment, these conditions are invariably fatal, but if recognized early, there is the possibility of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the curative treatment, which makes SCID a pediatric emergency. Identifying the genetic defect of SCID patients is a prerequisite for proper transplant conditioning, gene therapy, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. Knowledge about SCID is still incipient in Brazil, and there are virtually no molecular data on patients with the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate genetic-molecular defects of Brazilian patients with SCID. Thirteen patients were recruited, all with early onset of symptoms and clinical manifestations expected of classic SCIDs (mainly respiratory and skin infections, chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive). The pathogens isolated were opportunistic viruses, bacteria and fungi often reported in SCID patients. The immunological profile from each patient was defined by the quantification of TRECS and KRECs and lymphocyte immunophenotyping, which was meant to guide direct sequencing by Sanger of the most frequently mutated genes of each SCID immunophenotype. Mutations in 3 patients were identified by Sanger and, subsequently, 8 patients whose mutations were not identified by Sanger were referred for whole exome sequencing, which resulted in the identification of the affected gene in 62,5% of cases. Pathogenic mutations were identified in 8 of the 13 patients. The results revealed 6 mutations in 5 genes associated to classical SCID genes (IL7R, RAG2, DCLRE1C, JAK3, IL2RG), 1 mutation in the CD3G gene, and 2 mutations in CECR1. Five of the 9 mutations found had no record in the literature. SCID genetic investigation in our country is troublesome, mainly because even nowadays, the vast majority of patients are not diagnosed properly. Newborn screening for SCID and other severe lymphopenias by the quantification of TRECs and KRECs is key for the identification, investigation and proper treatment of SCID patients

A Novel Homozygous JAK3 Mutation Leading to T-B+NK– SCID in Two Brazilian Patients

We report a novel homozygous JAK3 mutation in two female Brazilian SCID infants from two unrelated kindreds. Patient 1 was referred at 2 months of age due to a family history of immunodeficiency and the appearance of a facial rash. The infant was screened for TRECs (T-cell receptor excision circles) and KRECs (kappa-deleting recombination excision circles) for the assessment of newly formed naïve T and B cells respectively, which showed undetectable TRECs and normal numbers of KRECs. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping by flow cytometry confirmed the screening results, revealing a T-B+NK– SCID. The patient underwent successful HSCT. Patient 2 was admitted to an intensive care unit at 8 months of age with severe pneumonia, BCGosis, and oral moniliasis; she also had a positive family history for SCID but newborn screening was not performed at birth. At 10 months of age she was diagnosed as a T-B+NK– SCID and underwent successful HSCT. JAK3 sequencing revealed the same homozygous missense mutation (c.2350G&gt;A) in both patients. This mutation affects the last nucleotide of exon 17 and it is predicted to disrupt the donor splice site. cDNA sequencing revealed skipping of exon 17 missing in both patients, confirming the predicted effect on mRNA splicing. Skipping of exon 17 leads to an out of frame deletion of 151 nucleotides, frameshift and creation of a new stop codon 60 amino acids downstream of the mutation resulting in a truncated protein which is likely nonfunctional

Espaços livres e espacialidades da esfera de vida pública: uma proposição conceitual para o estudo de sistemas de espaços livres urbanos no país

Este texto é o resultado da primeira etapa de trabalhos da fase número quatro do Projeto de pesquisa Quapá – Quadro do Paisagismo no Brasil, em desenvolvimento desde 1994 no Laboratório da Paisagem da FAUUSP, e que se voltará para o estudo teórico e metodológico dos sistemas de espaços livres na cidade brasileira, tendo como foco um conjunto das principais cidades de médio e grande porte do país. São apresentados conceitos que nortearão o novo processo de pesquisa, destacando-se os de espaço livre, sistema de espaços livres e áreas verdes