Radiation hardness qualification of PbWO4 scintillation crystals for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 IOPEnsuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews the related scientific and technological problems encountered

Intercalibration of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at start-up

Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated

Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

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Some larger installations in applied physics

Historical survey of applied physics in this country would not be complete without mentioning several larger installations built in the last fifty years and their contribution to the progress in physics. The largest of them all was the 1.5 MeV Cockroft-Walton accelerator in the Vinca Institute. It was bought as a neutron generator, and after a number of improvements and reconstruction, it produced one of the most powerful beam in this period in the world. It was used for research in physics, for the first production of some isotopes, for some measuring method development, for some experiments in biology and other purposes. In the previous period, one smaller accelerator was developed and built for 200 keV. It has been used as a neutron generator, through (d-d) nuclear reaction. The magnetic sector isotope mass separator was also developed and built. Separated isotopes obtained were used as targets in accelerators in nuclear physics experiments. The machine for electron beam welding, intended for welding the fuel element jackets for heavy water nuclear reactors, was completely developed, constructed and built in the Vinca Institute. The lifetime of this machine was rather short, due to the sudden change in the nuclear policy of the country.Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Physics and Geo-Sciences, Conference on Applied Physics in Serbia, May 27-29, 2002, Belgrade, Yugoslavi

Some larger installations in applied physics

Historical survey of applied physics in this country would not be complete without mentioning several larger installations built in the last fifty years and their contribution to the progress in physics. The largest of them all was the 1.5 MeV Cockroft-Walton accelerator in the Vinca Institute. It was bought as a neutron generator, and after a number of improvements and reconstruction, it produced one of the most powerful beam in this period in the world. It was used for research in physics, for the first production of some isotopes, for some measuring method development, for some experiments in biology and other purposes. In the previous period, one smaller accelerator was developed and built for 200 keV. It has been used as a neutron generator, through (d-d) nuclear reaction. The magnetic sector isotope mass separator was also developed and built. Separated isotopes obtained were used as targets in accelerators in nuclear physics experiments. The machine for electron beam welding, intended for welding the fuel element jackets for heavy water nuclear reactors, was completely developed, constructed and built in the Vinca Institute. The lifetime of this machine was rather short, due to the sudden change in the nuclear policy of the country.Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Physics and Geo-Sciences, Conference on Applied Physics in Serbia, May 27-29, 2002, Belgrade, Yugoslavi