Shy Customers Vs Non Shy Customers: Who Does Love More Online Shopping?

Nowadays, almost every market has an intense competition environment. Naturally, in order to survive in such an environment, decision maker must understand accurately their costumer wants and needs, even must generate individual solutions, not only massive. The way to understand costumers is through determining the factors well that affect purchasing decision-making of costumers. An emotion that can directly affect human behaviour such as shyness is a question mark on the frame of consumer behaviour, although purchasing decision-making process is examined with many different approaches. The aim of this study is to illuminate whether shyness has an effect on online purchasing decision-making process or not. In the literature, although a lot of studies have been done about shyness in different fields, a sufficient level of study was not encountered about shyness in the field of marketing. The fact that shyness has not been addressed in terms of marketing, especially on the internet, reveals the importance of this study

Effect of Anti-TNF-α on the Development of Offspring and Pregnancy Loss During Pregnancy in Rats

Background: Etanercept binds soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and is classified as pregnancy risk category B. Increase in TNF-α level causes preterm labour or miscarriage. Lipopolysaccharides trigger preterm birth and abortion via producing of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines are divided into two groups as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, whereas interleukin (IL)-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-10 predominant in normal pregnancy while TNF-α characterize in abortion and recurrent abortion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of etanercept on the development of offspring and lipopolysaccharide-induced pregnancy loss.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight female and 7 male Wistar rats (5-6 months old) were used in this study. The rats were fed a standard pelleted diet and tap water ad libitum. After female rats were caged with males for 1 day, the presence of a vaginal plug was designated as day 0 of pregnancy. Twenty-eight pregnant Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups, as follows: control (0.3 mL of Normal Saline Solution intravenously on day 10 of pregnancy); etanercept (0.8 mg kg-1/day intraperitoneally on days 9 and 10 of pregnancy); lipopolysaccharide (160 µg kg-1 intravenously on day 10 of pregnancy); and etanercept + lipopolysaccharide. Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein on day 10 of pregnancy (3 h after lipopolysaccharide administration). All animals were followed during pregnancy. Pregnancy rates and offspring characteristics were determined. TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured using an ELISA reader. Etanercept alone did not have any negative effects, and etanercept did not prevent (P < 0.05) lipopolysaccharide-induced pregnancy loss. Higher TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured (P < 0.05) in the etanercept + lipopolysaccharide group compared to other groups.Discussion: It is well known that use of etanercept does not increase pregnacy loss. In this study, higher pregnancy rates were determined in the control and etanercept groups than the lipopolysaccharide and etanercept + lipopolysaccharide groups. The proportion of fetal deaths in lipopolysaccharide administered pregnant subjects was decreased by the use of anti-TNF-α agents. While the concentrations of TNF-α are low in the onset of pregnancy period, the concentrations of TNF-α increases a peak level during the onset of labour. Embryonic resorption is affected by Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and lL-2) and low-dose lipopolysaccharide without any affecting mother survival, and in the early pregnancy term, the implantation area of embryo is enormously sensitive to these molecules. In the current study, etanercept increased the concentration of TNF-α and the concentration of IL-10 when compared to the lipopolysaccharide group. IL-10 has a protective role, while TNF-α is an abortive factor during pregnancy. Thus, etanercept did not prevent pregnancy loss. This finding may have reflected an insufficient dose of etanercept. Adverse effects did not occur in the offspring of the etanercept or control groups, and there was no difference between the two groups statistically. Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion and herediter malformations are not associated with TNF-α inhibitors. In conclusion, etanercept does not pose a major teratogenic risk and has no preventive effects with respect to infection-dependent pregnancy loss

NUTRITION TYPES IN HEALTHY INFANTS AND INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES OF MOTHERS: QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY

Amaç: Çalışma, ailelerin anne sütü verilmesi ve bebek beslenmesi konusundaki uygulamalarını belirlemek ve bu uygulamalar üzerine etkili olabilecek çocuk ve aile ile ilgili faktörleri araştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmaya yaşları 10-18 ay arası (ortalama:14,4 ± 0,2 ay) olan 111 bebek alındı. Çalışma, Sağlam Çocuk Polikliniği'ne aşı uygulaması veya rutin kontrol için getirilen bebeklerin annelerine anket soruları sorulması ile gerçekleştirildi. Bulgular: 52 bebeğe (%46,8) doğumdan sonra ilk yarım saatte anne sütü başlanmıştı. Ankete katılan tüm aileler ilk 24 saatte anne sütü vermeye başlamışlardı. Bebeklerin ek gıdaya başlama zamanları ortalama 5,5 ± 0,1 ay idi. İlk 4 ayda ek gıdalara başlama oranı % 19,8 bulundu. Bunların %14'üne ek gıda başlanmasını bir hekim önermişti. Ailenin ekonomik geliri ile ve annenin eğitim durumu ile anne sütüne ilk başlama zamanı, sadece anne sütü verme zamanı, ek gıdalara başlama zamanı ve inek sütüne başlama zamanı açısından anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı (p>0,05). Annelerin %80,0'i (89 anne) profesyonel destek almanın bebeklerinin beslenmesine pozitif yönde katkı sağladığını belirtti. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda anne sütü verilme oranlarının ülkemiz genel verilerinden daha iyi olması annelere bebek beslenmesi konusunda düzenli eğitim verilmesinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Bebek beslenme pratikleri konusunda düzenli olarak ailelere eğitim verilmesi, bebeklerin doğru beslenmesi konusunda en önemli uygulamalardan biridir. Objective: To study attidutes of the families and practices on breastfeeding and to delineate the factors affecting these attidutes and practices of parents or children. Material and method: 111 infants with a mean age of 14.4 ± 0.2 months (range 10-18 months) was studied. A questionnaire was filled by mothers of children presenting for immunization or routine health control. Results: Of the infants, 52 (%46.8) had received breastmilk within the first ½ hour after delivery. All infants had received brastmilk within the first 24 hours after delivery. Average time for initiation of supplemental feeding was 5.5 ± 0.1 months. The 19.8 % of infants had received supplemental feeding within the first 4 months. Fourteen per cent of these were adviced to do so by a physician. Monthly family income and mothers' educational status was not related to time of first breastfeeding, time of starting supplemental feeds, and time of starting cow's milk (p>0.05). Of all mothers %80 indicated that professional councelling had a positive effect on their infants nutrition Conclusion: Breastfeeding ratios in our study were higher than the national average. This may have resulted from professional councelling provided to mothers in our institution. Providing professional education on infant feeding is one of the most important factors to correct infant nutrition

Review of sheep breeding and genetic research in Türkiye

The livestock industry in Türkiye is vital to the country’s agricultural sector and economy. In particular, sheep products are an important source of income and livelihood for many Turkish smallholder farmers in semi-arid and highland areas. Türkiye is one of the largest sheep producers in the world and its sheep production system is heavily dependent on indigenous breeds. Given the importance of the sheep industry in Türkiye, a systematic literature review on sheep breeding and genetic improvement in the country is needed for the development and optimization of sheep breeding programs using modern approaches, such as genomic selection. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on the current characteristics of sheep populations and farms based on the most up-to-date census data and breeding and genetic studies obtained from scientific articles. The number of sheep has increased in recent years, mainly due to the state’s policy of supporting livestock farming and the increase in consumer demand for sheep dairy products with high nutritional and health benefits. Most of the genetic studies on indigenous Turkish sheep have been limited to specific traits and breeds. The use of genomics was found to be incipient, with genomic analysis applied to only two major breeds for heritability or genome-wide association studies. The scope of heritability and genome-wide association studies should be expanded to include traits and breeds that have received little or no attention. It is also worth revisiting genetic diversity studies using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Although there was no report of genomic selection in Turkish sheep to date, genomics could contribute to overcoming the difficulties of implementing traditional pedigree-based breeding programs that require accurate pedigree recording. As indigenous sheep breeds are better adapted to the local environmental conditions, the proper use of breeding strategies will contribute to increased income, food security, and reduced environmental footprint in a sustainable manner

Lesions in the thymus and bone marrow in chicks with experimentally induced chicken infectious anemia disease

One-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with the Cux-l strain of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), and the clinical development of disease and its macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the thymus and bone marrow, were observed. Tissue sections of thymus and bone marrow were stained using the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method and examined under light microscope for evaluation of antigenic intensities in tissues. Those findings were then compared with blood parameters and ELISA results obtained through collected sera during sacrifice procedures. We sought to determine: the localization of viral antigens in thymus and bone marrow tissues after inoculation, the correlation between antigen intensities and hematologic, serologic and histopathologic findings, definitive diagnostic criteria using histopathologic and immunoperoxidase methods, and the reliability of these methods in the diagnosis of CIAV infection. For this purpose, 83, one-day-old SPF chicks were used. The birds were divided into experimental (n = 52) and control (n = 26) groups. A virus dose of TCID50 of 100,000/ml was administered intramuscularly to every bird in the experimental group. Based on the results of this study, we have suggested that clinical examination, along with macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the thymus and bone marrow, maybe undertaken starting from day 7 post-inoculation (PI). ELISA, might be of value, as it might give consistent results starting from day 14 PI. However, the most reliable results were obtained through examination of thymus and bone marrow sections from infected birds stained by immunoperoxidase technique, as early as day 4 PI

The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing Psychology Through a Distributed Collaborative Network

Source at https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607.Concerns about the veracity of psychological research have been growing. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which one or more research projects are conducted across multiple lab sites, offers a pragmatic solution to these and other current methodological challenges. The Psychological Science Accelerator (PSA) is a distributed network of laboratories designed to enable and support crowdsourced research projects. These projects can focus on novel research questions or replicate prior research in large, diverse samples. The PSA’s mission is to accelerate the accumulation of reliable and generalizable evidence in psychological science. Here, we describe the background, structure, principles, procedures, benefits, and challenges of the PSA. In contrast to other crowdsourced research networks, the PSA is ongoing (as opposed to time limited), efficient (in that structures and principles are reused for different projects), decentralized, diverse (in both subjects and researchers), and inclusive (of proposals, contributions, and other relevant input from anyone inside or outside the network). The PSA and other approaches to crowdsourced psychological science will advance understanding of mental processes and behaviors by enabling rigorous research and systematic examination of its generalizability

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries