The use of CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) to trace the dynamics of total suspended matter at an urbanized coastal area

The distribution of organic and inorganic particles in the water column, or the total suspended matter (TSM), responds to local and remote oceanographic and meteorological processes, potentially impacting biogeochemical cycles. In shallow coastal areas, where particles have distinct origins and compositions and vary in different time scales, the use of remote sensing tools for monitoring and tracing this material is highly encouraged due to the high temporal and spatial data resolution. The objective of this work was to understand the variability of in situ TSM at Santos Bay (Southeastern Brazil) and its response to oceanographic and meteorological conditions. We also aimed to verify the applicability of the satellite data from CBERS-2 sensor in order to map the dynamics of TSM in this region. Our results have shown that the distribution of TSM in Santos Bay varied consistently with winds, currents and tidal cycles, with significant relationships emphasizing the role of south-western winds and spring tides. Neap tides and eastern winds, along with rainfall, play an important role in the input of organic matter into the bay. In conclusion, our analyses showed that the main patterns observed in situ regarding the responses of TSM to the ocean-meteorological processes could be reproduced in the CBERS-2 satellite data, after simple and standard methods of images processing. TSM data retrieval from CBERS-2 or other satellite sensors were shown to be feasible, becoming an essential tool for synoptic observations of the composition and quality of water, especially at urbanized and impacted coastal areas.A distribuição de partículas orgânicas e inorgânicas na coluna d'água, ou o material em suspensão total (MST), responde a processos oceanográficos e meteorológicos locais e remotos, que potencialmente impactam processos biogeoquímicos. Em áreas costeiras, onde partículas possuem diferentes origens e composições e variam em diferentes escalas de tempo, o uso de ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto para monitoramento e mapeamento desse material é altamente indicado devido à alta resolução temporal e espacial dos dados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi compreender a variabilidade do MST in situ na Baía de Santos (sudeste brasileiro) e sua resposta a condições oceanográficas e meteorológicas. Buscou-se também verificar a aplicabilidade dos dados de satélite do sensor CBERS-2 a fim de mapear a dinâmica do MST na região. Nossos resultados mostraram que a distribuição do MST na Baía de Santos variou consistentemente com os ventos, correntes e ciclos de maré, com correlações significantes que enfatizam o papel de ventos de sudoeste e da maré de sizígia. Marés de quadratura e ventos de leste, somados à precipitação, possuem papel importante na entrada de matéria orgânica na baía. Como conclusão, nossas análises mostraram que os principais padrões observados in situ em relação às respostas do MST aos processos meteorológicos e oceanográficos poderiam ser reproduzidas nos dados do satélite CBERS-2, após métodos padrões de processamento de imagens. A obtenção de dados de MST a partir do CBERS-2 ou outros sensores satelitais mostrou-se viável, tornando-se uma ferramenta essencial para observações sinóticas da composição e qualidade da água, especialmente em áreas costeiras urbanizadas e impactadas

Plankton in waters adjacent to the Laje de Santos state marine conservation park, Brazil: spatio-temporal distribution surveys

The coastal marine plankton plays a major role in ecosystem functioning by linking pelagic and benthonic environments through energy fluxes. Understanding the dynamic of planktonic organisms is also crucial for conservation and management purposes. Plankton was sampled at ten sites in the waters of the PEMLS and the adjacent area, on four different occasions through 2013 and 2015 in order to identify key planktonic groups and protocols for long-term monitoring. Ninety taxa of zooplanktonic organisms were found with holoplanktonic copepods and cladocerans dominating samples. Zooplankton biomass, mortality and taxonomic composition varied both in space and time. Surface chlorophyll-a concentrations varied spatio-temporally. A protocol for monitoring the plankton of the waters in and adjacent to the PEMLS is suggested based on biomass and mortality of zooplankton and biomass of phytoplankton using periodically in situ calibrated ocean color satellite imagery.Brazilian Research Council (CNPq)PETROBRAS (Mapelms Monitoramento ambiental do Parque Marinho da Laje de Santos)Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Inst Mar, Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonca 144, BR-11010700 Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Campus Litoral Paulista, BR-11380972 Sao Vicente, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Ctr Biol Marinha, Rodovia Manoel Hipolito do Rego,Km 131,5, BR-11600000 Sao Sebastiao, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Inst Mar, Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonca 144, BR-11010700 Santos, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Bio-Optical Properties of the Inner Continental Shelf off Santos Estuarine System, Southeastern Brazil, and their Implications for Ocean Color Algorithm Performance

Optical characterizations of coastal water masses are important tools for a better understanding of physical and biochemical processes and aid the optimization of ocean color algorithms. In this study we present three optical classes of water observed during October/2005 and March/2006 on the inner continental shelf adjacent to Santos Bay (Brazil), based on remote sensing reflectance. ANOVA indicated a crescent estuarine influence in classes 1 to 3. Class 3 presented the highest chlorophyll-a and nutrient concentration and highest light absorption coefficients. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dominated the light absorption in all classes and was strongly correlated to salinity in October/2005 due to the influence of the La Plata plume. The results indicated that CDOM dynamics in the Santos inner shelf are very complex. The performance of global chlorophyll algorithms was significantly smaller for October/2005 than for March/2006. As inconsistent changes in light absorption spectra by phytoplankton were detected between samplings, the results show that future bio-optical algorithms for this region must be optimized preferentially considering CDOM optical parameters.A classificação ótica de massas de água costeira auxilia na compreensão de processos físicos e biogeoquímicos e permite otimizar algoritmos de cor do oceano. Neste estudo, identificamos 3 classes óticas de águas na plataforma continental interna adjacente à Baía de Santos (Brasil), com base na reflectância de sensoriamento remoto observada durante outubro/2005 e março/2006. ANOVA indicou influência estuarina crescente entre as classes 1 a 3, sendo que a última apresentou altos valores de clorofila-a, nutrientes e coeficientes de absorção da luz. A matéria orgânica dissolvida colorida (MODC) dominou a absorção da luz em todas as classes, mostrando forte correlação com a salinidade em outubro/2005, sugerindo influência da pluma do rio da Prata na região. Os resultados indicam dinâmica bastante complexa da MODC na plataforma interna de Santos. O desempenho do algoritmo global para clorofila-a (OC3), testado pelos dados radiométricos e de clorofila-a in situ, foi bem inferior em outubro/2005 comparado a março/2006. Como não houve mudanças substanciais nos espectros de absorção pelo fitoplâncton entre as duas épocas, os resultados mostram que as propriedades de absorção da luz pela MODC devem ser consideradas prioritariamente na otimização de algoritmos bio-óticos na região

A consumer’s guide to satellite remote sensing of multiple phytoplankton groups in the global ocean

Phytoplankton are composed of diverse taxonomical groups, which are manifested as distinct morphology, size and pigment composition. These characteristics, modulated by their physiological state, impact their light absorption and scattering, allowing them to be detected with ocean color satellite radiometry. There is a growing volume of literature describing satellite algorithms to retrieve information on phytoplankton composition in the ocean. This synthesis provides a review of current methods and a simplified comparison of approaches. The aim is to provide an easily comprehensible resource for non-algorithm developers, who desire to use these products, thereby raising the level of awareness and use of these products and reducing the boundary of expert knowledge needed to make a pragmatic selection of output products with confidence. The satellite input and output products, their associated validation metrics, as well as assumptions, strengths and limitations of the various algorithm types are described, providing a framework for algorithm organization to assist users and inspire new aspects of algorithm development capable of exploiting the higher spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions from the next generation of ocean color satellites

Single-Turnover Variable Chlorophyll Fluorescence as a Tool for Assessing Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity: Opportunities, Caveats and Recommendations

Phytoplankton photosynthetic physiology can be investigated through single-turnover variable chlorophyll fluorescence (ST-ChlF) approaches, which carry unique potential to autonomously collect data at high spatial and temporal resolution. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in the development and application of ST-ChlF methods in aquatic ecosystems, and in the interpretation of the resulting observations. At the same time, however, an increasing number of sensor types, sampling protocols, and data processing algorithms have created confusion and uncertainty among potential users, with a growing divergence of practice among different research groups. In this review, we assist the existing and upcoming user community by providing an overview of current approaches and consensus recommendations for the use of ST-ChlF measurements to examine in-situ phytoplankton productivity and photo-physiology. We argue that a consistency of practice and adherence to basic operational and quality control standards is critical to ensuring data inter-comparability. Large datasets of inter-comparable and globally coherent ST-ChlF observations hold the potential to reveal large-scale patterns and trends in phytoplankton photo-physiology, photosynthetic rates and bottom-up controls on primary productivity. As such, they hold great potential to provide invaluable physiological observations on the scales relevant for the development and validation of ecosystem models and remote sensing algorithms

Assessing the uncertainties of model estimates of primary productivity in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Systems 76 (2009): 113-133, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.010.Depth-integrated primary productivity (PP) estimates obtained from satellite ocean color based models (SatPPMs) and those generated from biogeochemical ocean general circulation models (BOGCMs) represent a key resource for biogeochemical and ecological studies at global as well as regional scales. Calibration and validation of these PP models are not straightforward, however, and comparative studies show large differences between model estimates. The goal of this paper is to compare PP estimates obtained from 30 different models (21 SatPPMs and 9 BOGCMs) to a tropical Pacific PP database consisting of ~1000 14C measurements spanning more than a decade (1983- 1996). Primary findings include: skill varied significantly between models, but performance was not a function of model complexity or type (i.e. SatPPM vs. BOGCM); nearly all models underestimated the observed variance of PP, specifically yielding too few low PP (< 0.2 gC m-2d-2) values; more than half of the total root-mean-squared model-data differences associated with the satellite-based PP models might be accounted for by uncertainties in the input variables and/or the PP data; and the tropical Pacific database captures a broad scale shift from low biomass-normalized productivity in the 1980s to higher biomass-normalized productivity in the 1990s, which was not successfully captured by any of the models. This latter result suggests that interdecadal and global changes will be a significant challenge for both SatPPMs and BOGCMs. Finally, average root-mean-squared differences between in situ PP data on the equator at 140°W and PP estimates from the satellite-based productivity models were 58% lower than analogous values computed in a previous PP model comparison six years ago. The success of these types of comparison exercises is illustrated by the continual modification and improvement of the participating models and the resulting increase in model skill.This research was supported by a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Agency Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program (NNG06GA03G), as well as by numerous other grants to the various participating investigator

Retrievals of a size parameter for phytoplankton and spectral light absorption by colored detrital matter from water-leaving radiances at SeaWiFS channels in a continental shelf region off Brazil

Many efforts are currently oriented toward extracting more information from ocean color than the chlorophyll a concentration. Among biological parameters potentially accessible from space, estimates of phytoplankton cell size and light absorption by colored detrital matter (CDM) would lead to an indirect assessment of major components of the organic carbon pool in the ocean, which would benefit oceanic carbon budget models. We present here 2 procedures to retrieve simultaneously from ocean color measurements in a limited number of bands, magnitudes, and spectral shapes for both light absorption by CDM and phytoplankton, along with a size parameter for phytoplankton. The performance of the 2 procedures was evaluated using different data sets that correspond to increasing uncertainties: ( 1) measured absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, particulate detritus, and colored dissolved organic matter ( CDOM) and measured chlorophyll a concentrations and ( 2) SeaWiFS upwelling radiance measurements and chlorophyll a concentrations estimated from global algorithms. In situ data were acquired during 3 cruises, differing by their relative proportions in CDM and phytoplankton, over a continental shelf off Brazil. No local information was introduced in either procedure, to make them more generally applicable. Over the study area, the absorption coefficient of CDM at 443 nm was retrieved from SeaWiFS radiances with a relative root mean square error (RMSE) of 33%, and phytoplankton light absorption coefficients in SeaWiFS bands ( from 412 to 510 nm) were retrieved with RMSEs between 28% and 33%. These results are comparable to or better than those obtained by 3 published models. In addition, a size parameter of phytoplankton and the spectral slope of CDM absorption were retrieved with RMSEs of 17% and 22%, respectively. If these methods are applied at a regional scale, the performances could be substantially improved by locally tuning some empirical relationships

The effect of formaldehyde and iodine as fixatives for phytoplankton and protozooplankton samples from the southern Brazilian coast

Foi comparada a ação do lugol e da formalina na fixação de amostras de fitoplâncton e protozooplâncton obtidas na costa do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As diatomáceas cêntricas e penadas foram melhor preservadas com formalina, enquanto que os dinoflagelados e nanoflagelados foram melhor preservados com lugol. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas contagens de ciliados fixados em ambos os reagentes. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se a cóleta de amostras de fitoplâncton e protozooplâncton em duplicata, utilizando-se o lugol e a formalina.Formaldehyde and iodine (lugol) were evaluated as fixatives for phytoplankton and protozooplankton samples from the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Diatoms were better preserved with formaldehyde whereas dinoflagellates and other nanoflagellates were better preserved with iodine. No significant differences were observed for ciliates. The use of duplicate samples fixed with both fixatives is recommended