Učinci obroka i godišnjih doba na mliječnost i sastav mlijeka na malim i srednjim mliječnim farmama iz sjevernog područja Tunisa (regija Bizerte)

In Tunisia, dairy farming faced several problems limiting the improvement of the milk sector, mostly at the level of small farmers. These difficulties are related to the milk quality affected by the feed quality distributed throughout the year. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rations and seasons on daily individual milk production (DIMP) and some physicochemical characteristics (Fat content: FC, Protein content: PC, Urea concentration: UC, Total Solids: TS). A survey and milk samplings were performed on 135 farmers. Collected data were treated by the variance analysis using the GLM procedure of the SAS system. This study allowed to identify four types of ration: TR1: Concentrate (CC)+Green Forage(GF), TR2: CC+Dry Forage (DF), TR3: CC+GF+DF and TR4: Diet containing Silage (S), used by farmers with the frequencies of 14.82, 37.19, 44.6 and 3.38 % respectively. The highest DIMP (P<0.0001) was obtained by TR1 (17.3 kg/day) and the lowest (13.6 kg/day) by TR2. TR4 allowed FC, PC (P<0.05) and TS (P<0.01) higher (3.84, 3.14 and 12.31 % respectively) than those obtained in the other rations. The UC (P<0.0001) was the highest in TR1 and TR3 (32.05 mg/dL) followed by TR4 (28.3 mg/dL) and TR2 (26.2 mg/dL). Concerning the season effect, the highest DIMP (P<0.0001) was obtained during spring (17.7 kg/day), the lowest was during autumn (13.1 kg/day). The FC (P<0.05) was the lowest in winter (3.52 %). The PC (P<0.01) was higher during autumn and winter (averaged 3.07 %). The UC (P<0.0001) was the highest in spring (32.23 mg/dL) and the lowest in autumn (25.67 mg/dL). It was concluded that milk parameters were in the acceptable ranges comparatively to the national averages.U Tunisu se mljekarstvo suočilo s nekoliko problema koji ograničavaju poboljšanje mliječnog sektora, uglavnom na razini malih poljoprivrednika. Te su poteškoće povezane s kvalitetom mlijeka na koju utječe kvaliteta hrane koja se distribuira tijekom cijele godine. Cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti učinak obroka i godišnjih doba na dnevnu individualnu proizvodnju mlijeka (DIMP) i neke fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike (sadržaj masti: FC, sadržaj proteina: PC, koncentracija uree: UC, ukupna suha tvar: TS). Istraživanje i uzorkovanje mlijeka provedeno je na 135 mliječnih farmi, a prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su analizom varijance korištenjem GLM postupka SAS sustava (verzija 9.0, 2002). Ova studija utvrdila je utjecaj četiri vrste obroka: TR1: koncentrat (CC)+zelena krma (GF), TR2: CC +suha krma (DF), TR3: CC+GF+DF i TR4: obrok koji sadrži silažu (S). Najviša DIMP (P<0,0001) dobivena je korištenjem TR1 (17,3 kg/dan), a najmanja (13,6 kg/dan) kod TR2. TR4 povezan je sa većim sadržajem FC, PC (P<0,05) i TS (P<0,01) (3,84, 3,14 i 12,31 %) od vrijednosti uočenih u ostalim obrocima. UC (P<0,0001) bio je najviši kod TR1 i TR3 (32,05 mg/dL), zatim kod TR4 (28,3 mg/dL) i TR2 (26,2 mg/dL). Kada je riječ o sezonskom učinku, najveća DIMP (P<0,0001) je tijekom proljeća (17,7 kg/dan), a najmanja tijekom jeseni (13,1 kg/dan). FC (P<0,05) bio je najniži zimi (3,52 %). PC (P<0,01) bio je veći tijekom jeseni i zime (u prosjeku 3,07 %). UC (P <0,0001) bio je najveći u proljeće (32,23 mg/dL), a najmanji u jesen (25,67 mg/dL). Zaključeno je da su parametri mlijeka u prihvatljivim rasponima u usporedbi s nacionalnim prosjecima

Određivanje glavnih čimbenika koji utječu na prinos i sastav kozjeg mlijeka u sjeverozapadnoj regiji Tunisa

This study aimed to assess the main factors affecting goat milk yield and composition from the Northwest region of Tunisia. A survey and a sampling campaign were conducted over four months (February-May, 2018), within 112 farms in 3 regions. Individual daily milk yield (DMY) was registered and milk samples were taken in duplicate to be analysed for fat (FC), protein (PC), solid not fat (SNF), density and lactose contents. Results showed that the Alpine breed allowed the highest DMY and PC, and the Damasquine presented the highest FC. The third lactation allowed the highest DMY (0.95 Lday-1) and FC (6.68%), however the highest PC, SNF and density are recorded for primiparous. Concerning the birth weight of kids, DMY increased significantly with the weight of the kids at birth, and it resulted in a significant effect on the FC. The assessment of the region effect showed that the highest DMY was obtained in the region of Jendouba and Ghardimaou. For milk composition, when breed effect was eliminated and focused only on the local breed, we found the highest FC in Sedjnen/Nefza. The analysis of the goat feeding allowed identifying 5 types of rations. Also, statistical analysis showed that the highest DMY resulted from the rations T4 and T5 (averaged 1.06 Lday-1). No effect of ration type on FC and density was found. Concerning PC, SNF and lactose, the ration effect had no significant effect, but a trend of highest values was noted for T3. It was concluded that dairy performances were low, focusing only on the local goat population. However, the produced milk is of good quality regarding the determined chemical composition. Indeed, there is a negative correlation between milk production and the chemical composition of milk. Substantial improvements are potentially possible through actions (improvement of the quality of the ration, milk hygiene, milk collection pattern, training of breeders, etc) to develop a value chain in the region and improve farmer incomes.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti glavne čimbenike koji utječu na prinos i sastav kozjeg mlijeka iz sjeverozapadne regije Tunisa. Istraživanje i uzorkovanje provedeni su tijekom dva mjeseca (ožujak-travanj 2018.) na 112 farmi u 3 regije. Bilježen je pojedinačni dnevni prinos mlijeka (DMY) te su uzorci mlijeka uzeti u duplikatu za analizu udjela masti (FC), proteina (PC), suhe tvari bez masti (SNF), gustoće i udjela laktoze. Rezultati su pokazali da je alpina pasmina imala najveći DMY i PC, a damaška najveći FC. U trećoj laktaciji je utvrđen najveći DMY (0,95 Ldan-1) i FC (6,68 %), dok su najveći PC, SNF i gustoća zabilježeni kod prvojarki. Uzimajući u obzir porođajnu masu jaradi, DMY se značajno povećao s masom jaradi pri jarenju, što je značajno utjecalo na FC. Analiza učinka regije pokazala je da je najveći DMY postignut u regiji Jendouba i Ghardimaou. Kada je o sastavu mlijeka riječ, nakon što se eliminira učinak pasmine, i usredotoči samo na lokalnu pasminu, najveći FC utvrđen je u regiji Sedjnen/Nefza. Analiza hranidbe koza omogućila je identificiranje 5 vrsta obroka. Također, statistička analiza pokazala je da je najveći DMY rezultat omjera T4 i T5 (prosječno 1,06 Ldan-1), dok nije utvrđen utjecaj vrste obroka na FC i gustoću. Utjecaj vrste obroka nije značajno utjecao na PC, SNF i udio laktoze, ali je zabilježen trend najviših vrijednosti za T3. Zaključeno je da su mliječne performanse bile niske, ako se u obzir uzme samo lokalna populacija koza. Međutim, kvaliteta proizvedenog mlijeka je bila dobra uzimajući u obzir utvrđeni kemijski sastav. Također, utvrđena je negativna korelacija između proizvodnje mlijeka i kemijskog sastava mlijeka. Značajna poboljšanja potencijalno su moguća primjerice kroz poboljšanje kvalitete obroka, higijene mlijeka, obrasca prikupljanja mlijeka i obuke uzgajivača za razvoj lanca vrijednosti u regiji te tako i povećanje prihoda farmera

Le stress thermique chez la vache laitière Holstein de Tunisie: effets sur les performances de production

Cette étude visait à évaluer l’effet du stress thermique subis par les vaches laitières Holstein en Tunisie. Les données de contrôles laitiers : PL, MG, MP et le SCS collectés entre 2013 et 2019 chez 947 vaches dans 23 troupeaux ont été combinées avec un THI calculé à partir des données météorologiques enregistrées entre 2013 et 2019. Le modèle non linéaire de Wood a été appliqué à la modélisation de la courbe de lactation. L’analyse de la variance a été appliquée pour tester les effets de trois niveaux de THI (THI>72; 6872) sur la production de lait, sa composition et les paramètres de la courbe de lactation. Les résultats ont montré des pertes dues au stress thermique. Une diminution du rendement en lait et du pourcentage de matières grasses et de protéines a été signalée. Ainsi, les rendements en matières grasses et en protéines ont eu tendance à diminuer régulièrement avec l’augmentation des valeurs de THI. Le rendement laitier variait de 17,882 ± 0,064 (68 72), le pourcentage de matières grasses et de protéines variait de 3,551 ± 0,041 à 3,449 ± 0,026 et de 3,246 ± 0,031 à 3,113 ± 0,029 % pour 68 72, respectivement. Les modèles de score somatique ont été marqués par une augmentation (de 4,143 à 4,358) aux plages les plus élevées de THI> 72, et des valeurs diminuées (de 4,143 à 3,857) aux plages les plus basses de THI. L’effet du THI était très significatif (P <0,05) pour tous les paramètres de la courbe de lactation et du rendement laitier. Les rendements laitiers de pointe les plus élevés et le rendement total le plus élevé de 305 jours de lactation (Y305) ont été atteints par des vaches exposées au THI entre 68 et 72

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Potential of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) essential oil to modify in vitro rumen fermentation in sheep

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing doses (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 µl/50 ml) of essential oil of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on in vitro rumen fermentation. Two 24 h-incubations were done and gas production (GP) was measured. The liquid was collected for analysis of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and true organic matter degradability (TOMD). The partitioning factor (PF) was estimated after 24 h of incubation. Procedure of H-NMR spectroscopy was used to analyse rumen fluid samples. Results showed that, GP was only affected and decreased significantly for the doses 20, 40, 80 and 120 µl. Ammonia-N concentration was reduced by 8.2%, 18.6%, 21.6% and 25% when 20, 40, 80 and 120 µl of EuEO were added respectively. The TOMD values were decreased significantly at doses 40, 80 and 120 µl. The PF values were affected between doses control and 120 µl. Concerning H-NMR spectroscopy, results showed that the diet containing 80 µl of EuEO, there were increases observed in the concentration of rumen methylamine, glucose, butyrate, propionate and glycine. EuEO modified fermentation trends in the rumen, mainly by reducing GP and protein deamination. And the use of EuEO in high concentrations inhibits ruminal flora and decreases the production of VFA

Assessment of the main factors affecting goat milk yield and composition in the North West region of Tunisia

This study aimed to assess the main factors affecting goat milk yield and composition from the Northwest region of Tunisia. A survey and a sampling campaign were conducted over four months (February-May, 2018), within 112 farms in 3 regions. Individual daily milk yield (DMY) was registered and milk samples were taken in duplicate to be analysed for fat (FC), protein (PC), solid not fat (SNF), density and lactose contents. Results showed that the Alpine breed allowed the highest DMY and PC, and the Damasquine presented the highest FC. The third lactation allowed the highest DMY (0.95 Lday-1) and FC (6.68%), however the highest PC, SNF and density are recorded for primiparous. Concerning the birth weight of kids, DMY increased significantly with the weight of the kids at birth, and it resulted in a significant effect on the FC. The assessment of the region effect showed that the highest DMY was obtained in the region of Jendouba and Ghardimaou. For milk composition, when breed effect was eliminated and focused only on the local breed, we found the highest FC in Sedjnen/Nefza. The analysis of the goat feeding allowed identifying 5 types of rations. Also, statistical analysis showed that the highest DMY resulted from the rations T4 and T5 (averaged 1.06 Lday-1). No effect of ration type on FC and density was found. Concerning PC, SNF and lactose, the ration effect had no significant effect, but a trend of highest values was noted for T3. It was concluded that dairy performances were low, focusing only on the local goat population. However, the produced milk is of good quality regarding the determined chemical composition. Indeed, there is a negative correlation between milk production and the chemical composition of milk. Substantial improvements are potentially possible through actions (improvement of the quality of the ration, milk hygiene, milk collection pattern, training of breeders, etc) to develop a value chain in the region and improve farmer incomes

Angiofibrolipoma of posterior mediastinum with transforaminal extension

Angiofibrolipoma is a histological variant of lipoma, which commonly occurs in subcutaneous tissues. In the present report we illustrate the case of an angiofibrolipoma of the posterior upper mediastinum in a 75-year-old man presented with progressive chest pain. Xray chest showed a homogeneous opacity vertically oriented along the right lateral aspect of thoracic vertebrae with an obtuse angle to the mediastinum. The upper extremity of the mass extended above the superior clavicle, suggestive of a posterior mediastinal lesion. Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging revealed a posterior mediastinal mass, in keeping with a nonaggressive lesion, with particular endocanalar extension and heterogeneous signal and enhancement patterns that was highly suggestive of a mixed mesenchymal tumor. The tumor was incompletely removed by right postero- lateral thoracotomy with final diagnosis of angiofibrolipoma. To the author’s knowledge, such a case of angiofibrolipoma located in the posterior mediastinum has not been previously reported in the literature

In Vitro Anti-Epstein Barr Virus Activity of Olea europaea L. Leaf Extracts

Olea europaea L. var. sativa (OESA) preparations are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region to prevent and treat different diseases. In this research, olive extracts derived from the leaves of the OESA tree have been screened for antioxidant activity by two methods: the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The DPPH assay showed that OESA possesses a stronger antioxidant activity (84%) at 1 mg/mL while the FRAP method showed a strong metal ion chelating activity (90%) at 1 mg/mL. The low IC50 values, obtained by two different methods, implies that OESA has a noticeable effect on scavenging free radicals comparable to standards. During EBV infection, the free radicals increased triggering lipid oxidation. Therefore, the monitoring of the secondary lipid peroxidation products was done by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (DC). The simultaneous treatment of Raji cells with OESA and TPA, as an inductorof the lytic cycle, generated a significant decrease in MDA levels and DC (p &lt; 0.05). Besides, Raji cells simultaneously exposed to TPA and OESA exhibited a percentage of EBV-positive fluorescence cells lower than TPA treated cells (**** p &lt; 0.0001). This suggests that OESA treatment has a protective effect against EBV lytic cycle induction

In Vitro Anti-Epstein Barr Virus Activity of <i>Olea europaea</i> L. Leaf Extracts

Olea europaea L. var. sativa (OESA) preparations are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region to prevent and treat different diseases. In this research, olive extracts derived from the leaves of the OESA tree have been screened for antioxidant activity by two methods: the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The DPPH assay showed that OESA possesses a stronger antioxidant activity (84%) at 1 mg/mL while the FRAP method showed a strong metal ion chelating activity (90%) at 1 mg/mL. The low IC50 values, obtained by two different methods, implies that OESA has a noticeable effect on scavenging free radicals comparable to standards. During EBV infection, the free radicals increased triggering lipid oxidation. Therefore, the monitoring of the secondary lipid peroxidation products was done by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (DC). The simultaneous treatment of Raji cells with OESA and TPA, as an inductorof the lytic cycle, generated a significant decrease in MDA levels and DC (p p < 0.0001). This suggests that OESA treatment has a protective effect against EBV lytic cycle induction