Electrostatic interactions in critical solvents

The subtle interplay between critical phenomena and electrostatics is investigated by considering the effective force acting on two parallel walls confining a near-critical binary liquid mixture with added salt. The ion-solvent coupling can turn a non-critical repulsive electrostatic force into an attractive one upon approaching the critical point. However, the effective force is eventually dominated by the critical Casimir effect, the universal properties of which are not altered by the presence of salt. This observation allows a consistent interpretation of recent experimental data.Comment: Submitte

Local theory for ions in binary liquid mixtures

The influence of ions on the bulk phase behavior of binary liquid mixtures acting as their solvents and on the corresponding interfacial structures close to a planar wall is investigated by means of density functional theory based on local descriptions of the effective interactions between ions and their solvents. The bilinear coupling approximation (BCA), which has been used in numerous previous related investigations, is compared with a novel local density approximation (LDA) for the ion-solvent interactions. It turns out that within BCA the bulk phase diagrams, the two-point correlation functions, and critical adsorption exhibit qualitative features which are not compatible with the available experimental data. These discrepancies do not occur within the proposed LDA. Further experimental investigations are suggested which assess the reliability of the proposed LDA. This approach allows one to obtain a consistent and rather general understanding of the effects of ions on solvent properties. From our analysis we infer in particular that there can be an experimentally detectable influence of ions on binary liquid mixtures due to steric effects but not due to charge effects

Echtzeitdetektion von Punktmutationen mit DNA-Chips am Beispiel des SULT1A1*213-SNP

Der Identifizierung von Punktmutationen im menschlichen Genom kommt eine hohe Bedeutung zu. Die Entdeckung einer Vielzahl von SNPs ('single nucleotide polymorphisms'), also Mutationen einzelner Basen, die definitionsgemäß bei mehr als 1% der Bevölkerung auftreten, und die Erkenntnis, dass SNPs die Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten determinieren können, führte zu der Vision einer 'personalisierten Medizin': Der Patient erhält nach einer Genotypisierung das für ihn verträglichste Medikament verschrieben. Notwendige Bedingung für das neue Paradigma ist eine schnelle und hochdurchsatzfähige DNA-Analytik. Da bis zu 3 Millionen von SNPs beim Menschen vermutet werden (www.snp.cshl.org), ist das etablierte Verfahren mittels PCR-Amplifikation, Restriktionsenzymverdau und Elektrophorese nicht praktikabel. Neben den zum Massenscreening geeigneten, spezialisierten MALDI- (z.B. Sequenom ®) und Primer-Extension-Verfahren (z.B. Orchid Biocomputer ®) wird insbesondere die DNA-Chip-Technologie als vielversprechende Methode für mittlere bis hohe Durchsätze und Vor-Ort-Anwendungen angesehen. Der Einsatz dieses Verfahrens zum SNP-Screening wird am Beispiel des SULT1A1*213-SNPs demonstriert. Das SULT1A1-Gen beim Menschen kodiert für eine cytosolische, thermostabile Phenol-Sulfotransferase (P-PST, EC 2.8.2.1), die in der Leber durch Sulfonierung von phenolischen Substraten Biosynthese und Entgiftungsfunktionen ausübt. Bisher wurden drei Punktmutationen in diesem Gen entdeckt (Raftogianis 1997). Die Variation *213Arginin nach *213Histidin, die bei ca. 37% der (kaukasischen) Bevölkerung auftritt, führt zu einem deutlich verschiedenen Phänotyp (geringere Aktivität, geringere Thermostabilität, Engelke 2000) und wird mit Übergewicht in Zusammenhang gebracht

The ultra-processed foods hypothesis: a product processed well beyond the basic ingredients in the package

The NOVA classification of food items has become increasingly popular and is being used in several observational studies as well as in nutritional guidelines and recommendations. We propose that there is a need for this classification and its use in the formulation of public health policies to be critically discussed and re-appraised. The terms "processing" and "ultra-processing," which are crucial to the NOVA classification, are ill-defined, as no scientific, measurable, or precise reference parameters exist for them. Likewise, the theoretical grounds of the NOVA classification are unclear and inaccurate. Overall, the NOVA classification conflicts with the classic, evidence-based evaluation of foods based on composition and portion size because NOVA postulates that the food itself (or how much of it is eaten) are unimportant, but rather that dietary effects are due to how the food is produced. We contend that the NOVA system suffers from a lack of biological plausibility so the assertion that ultra-processed foods are intrinsically unhealthful is largely unproven, and needs further examination and elaboration

An Agenda for Open Science in Communication

In the last 10 years, many canonical findings in the social sciences appear unreliable. This so-called “replication crisis” has spurred calls for open science practices, which aim to increase the reproducibility, replicability, and generalizability of findings. Communication research is subject to many of the same challenges that have caused low replicability in other fields. As a result, we propose an agenda for adopting open science practices in Communication, which includes the following seven suggestions: (1) publish materials, data, and code; (2) preregister studies and submit registered reports; (3) conduct replications; (4) collaborate; (5) foster open science skills; (6) implement Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines; and (7) incentivize open science practices. Although in our agenda we focus mostly on quantitative research, we also reflect on open science practices relevant to qualitative research. We conclude by discussing potential objections and concerns associated with open science practices

Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Chronic Pancreatitis by Measurement of microRNA Abundance in Blood and Tissue

A solid process for diagnosis could have a substantial impact on the successful treatment of pancreatic cancer, for which currently mortality is nearly identical to incidence. Variations in the abundance of all microRNA molecules from peripheral blood cells and pancreas tissues were analyzed on microarrays and in part validated by real-time PCR assays. In total, 245 samples from two clinical centers were studied that were obtained from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or chronic pancreatitis and from healthy donors. Utilizing the minimally invasive blood test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) analysis demonstrated very high sensitivity and specificity of a distinction between healthy people and patients with either cancer or chronic pancreatitis; respective AUC values of 0.973 and 0.950 were obtained. Confirmative and partly even more discriminative diagnosis could be performed on tissue samples with AUC values of 1.0 and 0.937, respectively. In addition, discrimination between cancer and chronic pancreatitis was achieved (AUC = 0.875). Also, several miRNAs were identified that exhibited abundance variations in both tissue and blood samples. The results could have an immediate diagnostic value for the evaluation of tumor reoccurrence in patients, who have undergone curative surgical resection, and for people with a familial risk of pancreatic cancer

Measurement of the inclusive energy spectrum in the very forward direction in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

“Keep up the good work!”: A case study of the effects of a specific cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by significant impairment in multiple cognitive domains. In recent years, the development of cognitive trainings in AD has received significant attention. In the present case study we designed a cognitive training program (GEO, Geographical Exercises for cognitive Optimization) based on an errorless paradigm and tailored to the patient's cultural interests. The aim of this training was to investigate the potential for acquiring and possibly retaining both procedural and verbal knowledge in early-stage AD. This study involved an 80-year-old female patient diagnosed with early-stage AD, and 10 matched healthy subjects. Participants were asked to perform the two GEO training tasks: a "puzzle-like" task for procedural memory, and an "association" task for verbal memory. Both the patient and the healthy controls were subsequently trained with GEO using the same two tasks for 2 months. Although the patient's performance before training in both tasks was poor compared to healthy controls, after the training these differences disappeared. Our results showed that the patient was able to acquire new procedural abilities and verbal knowledge, and that her achievements were stable at the follow-up testing scheduled 3 months after the end of the intervention. This case study suggests a potentially useful strategy for cognitive training in AD. </p