171 research outputs found
Age at menopause and lung function: a Mendelian randomisation study
In observational studies, early menopause is associated with lower forced vital capacity (FVC) and a higher risk of spirometric restriction, but not airflow obstruction. It is, however, unclear if this association is causal. We therefore used a Mendelian randomisation (MR) approach, which is not affected by classical confounding, to assess the effect of age at natural menopause on lung function.We included 94\u200a742 naturally post-menopausal women from the UK Biobank and performed MR analyses on the effect of age at menopause on forced expiratory volume in 1\u2005s (FEV1), FVC, FEV1/FVC, spirometric restriction (FV
Xylella fastidiosa : An in vivo system to study possible survival strategies within citrus xylem vessels based on global gene expression analysis
Abstract Xylella fastidiosa inhabits the plant xylem, a nutrient-poor
environment, so that mechanisms to sense and respond to adverse
environmental conditions are extremely important for bacterial survival
in the plant host. Although the complete genome sequences of different
Xylella strains have been determined, little is known about stress
responses and gene regulation in these organisms. In this work, a DNA
microarray was constructed containing 2,600 ORFs identified in the
genome sequencing project of Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c strain, and used
to check global gene expression differences in the bacteria when it is
infecting a symptomatic and a tolerant citrus tree. Different patterns
of expression were found in each variety, suggesting that bacteria are
responding differentially according to each plant xylem environment.
The global gene expression profile was determined and several genes
related to bacterial survival in stressed conditions were found to be
differentially expressed between varieties, suggesting the involvement
of different strategies for adaptation to the environment. The
expression pattern of some genes related to the heat shock response,
toxin and detoxification processes, adaptation to atypical conditions,
repair systems as well as some regulatory genes are discussed in this
paper. DNA microarray proved to be a powerful technique for global
transcriptome analyses. This is one of the first studies of Xylella
fastidiosa gene expression in vivo which helped to increase insight
into stress responses and possible bacterial survival mechanisms in the
nutrient-poor environment of xylem vessels
QUANTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION BY EXOTIC TREE SPECIES IN AN ARAUCARIA FOREST FRAGMENT IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA STATE
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a contamina\ue7\ue3o
biol\uf3gica ao longo do tempo em uma comunidade arb\uf3rea em
est\ue1gio sucessional avan\ue7ado/tardio da Floresta
Ombr\uf3fila Mista Montana, adjacente a um plantio de Pinus taeda
L. em Lages - SC. Para isso, foram alocadas 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m,
distribu\ueddas em cinco transe\ue7\uf5es de cinco parcelas cada,
alocadas perpendiculares \ue0 borda de contato com o plantio de
pinus. Em cada parcela foram mensurados (DAP 65 5 cm, medido a
1,30 m do solo), coletados e identificados todos os indiv\uedduos
arb\uf3reos vivos. Quatro anos ap\uf3s o primeiro invent\ue1rio,
os mesmos indiv\uedduos foram novamente inventariados,
quantificando-se os indiv\uedduos mortos, sobreviventes e adicionando
os recrutas. Para os dois per\uedodos foram calculados os descritores
fitossociol\uf3gicos, quantificados os indicadores de invas\ue3o
para a comunidade como um todo e grupos ecol\uf3gicos e calculadas as
taxas demogr\ue1ficas. No primeiro ano foram amostradas 73
esp\ue9cies e no segundo 74 esp\ue9cies, dentro das quais, duas
foram ex\uf3ticas: Pinus taeda e Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton.
Ambas tiveram baixos valores dos indicadores de invas\ue3o para a
comunidade nos dois anos, no entanto, com aumento da
participa\ue7\ue3o de Pinus taeda entre as esp\ue9cies pioneiras
ao longo do tempo. Os resultados das taxas demogr\ue1ficas sugerem
que, para os diferentes grupos ecol\uf3gicos, o processo de
invas\ue3o encontra-se em fases distintas. Conclui-se que o grupo das
esp\ue9cies pioneiras foi o componente mais afetado pela invas\ue3o
biol\uf3gica, o que refor\ue7a a necessidade de an\ue1lise,
considerando os diferentes grupos ecol\uf3gicos.The present study aimed to evaluate the biological contamination over
time in a tree community of Montane Araucaria forest, in advanced
successional stage, adjacent to a Pinus taeda L. plantation, in
Lages, SC state. For this sake, a total of, 20 x 20m, 25 plots,
distributed in five transects with five plots each, were allocated
perpendicular to the edge in contact with the pinus plantation. In each
plot, all living trees were measured (cbh 65 5 cm, measured at
1.30 m above soil level), collected and identified. Four years after
the first inventory, the same individuals were re-inventoried, the dead
individuals and survivor quantified and recruits added. For the two
evaluated years, phytosociological descriptors were calculated,
indicators of biological invasion quantified for all community as well
as for ecological groups and the demographic rates determined. A total
of 73 and 74 species were sampled in the first and second years, among
of them two exotic species: Pinus taeda and Ligustrum lucidum W.T.
Aiton. Both species showed low values of the invasion indicators, but
with an increment in the participation of Pinus taeda among pioneer
species over time. Results of demographic rates suggest that, for
different ecological groups, the invasion process is in distinct
stages. We conclude that the pioneer species was the most affected
component by biological invasion, which reinforces the need for
analysis considering the different ecological groups
Current gaps in sepsis immunology: new opportunities for translational research
Increasing evidence supports a central role of the immune system in sepsis, but the current view of how sepsis affects immunity, and vice versa, is still rudimentary. The European Group on Immunology of Sepsis has identified major gaps that should be addressed with high priority, such as understanding how immunological alterations predispose to sepsis, key aspects of the immunopathological events during sepsis, and the long-term consequences of sepsis on patient's immunity. We discuss major unmet topics in those three categories, including the role of key immune cells, the cause of lymphopenia, organ-specific immunology, the dynamics of sepsis-associated immunological alterations, the role of the microbiome, the standardisation of immunological tests, the development of better animal models, and the opportunities offered by immunotherapy. Addressing these gaps should help us to better understand sepsis physiopathology, offering translational opportunities to improve its prevention, diagnosis, and care
FLORISTIC-STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION ALONG AN EDGE GRADIENT IN UPPER MONTANE MIXED OMBROPHILOUS FOREST FRAGMENT IN SANTA CATARINA
O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a composi\ue7\ue3o
flor\uedstica e a estrutura do componente arb\uf3reo em fragmento
de Floresta Ombr\uf3fila Mista Alto-Montana e avaliar a
influ\ueancia do efeito de borda sobre a organiza\ue7\ue3o,
estrutura, riqueza e diversidade de esp\ue9cies. Foram alocadas 50
parcelas permanentes de 10 x 20 m, divididas em cinco
transe\ue7\uf5es distanciadas, no m\uednimo, 100 m entre si, em
um fragmento florestal, no munic\uedpio de Bom Jardim da Serra - SC.
As \ue1rvores com circunfer\ueancia 65 15,7 cm na altura do
peito (CAP) foram mensuradas (CAP e altura total), identificadas e
classificadas quanto \ue0s guildas de regenera\ue7\ue3o
(pioneiras, clim\ue1cicas exigentes em luz e clim\ue1cicas
tolerantes \ue0 sombra). Os dados foram analisados por meio dos
\uedndices de valor de import\ue2ncia (IVI), NMDS (Nonmetric
Multidimensional Scaling), modelo aditivo generalizado e
regress\uf5es lineares simples. Foram observados 1.457
indiv\uedduos arb\uf3reos, distribu\ueddos em 29 fam\uedlias,
43 g\ueaneros e 55 esp\ue9cies. A esp\ue9cie com maior valor de
import\ue2ncia foi Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. N\ue3o foi
observada influ\ueancia do efeito de borda sobre a
organiza\ue7\ue3o, a estrutura (di\ue2metro m\ue9dio, altura
m\ue9dia e densidade) da comunidade e participa\ue7\ue3o relativa
das guildas de regenera\ue7\ue3o. No entanto, ficaram evidenciados
maiores valores de diversidade, riqueza e equabilidade nas \ue1reas
de borda. Desta forma, conclu\ued-se que parte das
varia\ue7\uf5es dos valores relativos \ue0 diversidade de
esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas na Floresta Ombr\uf3fila Mista
Ato-Montana foi determinada pela dist\ue2ncia da borda.The objectives of this study were to characterize the floristic and
structure of the tree component in Upper Montane Araucaria Forest
fragment and to evaluate the influence of the edge effects on tree
species organization, structure, richness and diversity. For this, a
total of 50, 10 x 20 m, permanent plots divided in five transects
spaced, at least, 100 m from each other, were established in the a
forest fragment, located in the municipality of Bom Jardim da Serra,
SC. The trees with circumference at breast height (CBH) 65 15,7 cm
were measured (CBH and total height), identified and classified
according to the regeneration guilds. The data were analyzed through
the index of importance values (IVI), a NMDS analysis (Nonmetric
Multidimensional Scaling), a generalized additive model and simple
linear regressions. A total of 1,457 individuals, distributed in 29
families, 43 genera and 55 species were surveyed. The most relative
important species was Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. There was no
influence of edge effect on tree community organization, structure
(average diameter, average height and density) and guilds
participation. However, values of diversity, richness and evenness were
higher at edge areas. We conclude that part of the variation in values
related to tree species diversity in the Upper Montane Araucaria Forest
was determined by edge distance
How to perform Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
"How to perform contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)" provides general advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) for clinical decision-making and reviews technical parameters for optimal CEUS performance. CEUS techniques vary between centers, therefore, experts from EFSUMB, WFUMB and from the CEUS LI-RADS working group created a discussion forum to standardize the CEUS examination technique according to published evidence and best personal experience. The goal is to standardise the use and administration of UCAs to facilitate correct diagnoses and ultimately to improve the management and outcomes of patients
De novo mutations of KIAA2022 in females cause intellectual disability and intractable epilepsy
Background Mutations in the KIAA2022 gene have been reported in male patients with X-linked intellectual disability, and related female carriers were unaffected. Here, we report 14 female patients who carry a heterozygous de novo KIAA2022 mutation and share a phenotype characterised by intellectual disability and epilepsy. Methods Reported females were selected for genetic testing because of substantial developmental problems and/or epilepsy. X-inactivation and expression studies were performed when possible. Results All mutations were predicted to result in a frameshift or premature stop. 12 out of 14 patients had intractable epilepsy with myoclonic and/or absence seizures, and generalised in 11. Thirteen patients had mild to severe intellectual disability. This female phenotype partially overlaps with the reported male phenotype which consists of more severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, growth retardation, facial dysmorphisms and, less frequently, epilepsy. One female patient showed completely skewed X-inactivation, complete absence of RNA expression in blood and a phenotype similar to male patients. In the six other tested patients, X-inactivation was random, confirmed by a non-significant twofold to threefold decrease of RNA expression in blood, consistent with the expected mosaicism between cells expressing mutant or normal KIAA2022 alleles. Conclusions Heterozygous loss of KIAA2022 expression is a cause of intellectual disability in females. Compared with its hemizygous male counterpart, the heterozygous female disease has less severe intellectual disability, but is more often associated with a severe and intractable myoclonic epilepsy
20-Year Risks of Breast-Cancer Recurrence after Stopping Endocrine Therapy at 5 Years
The administration of endocrine therapy for 5 years substantially reduces recurrence rates during and after treatment in women with early-stage, estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Extending such therapy beyond 5 years offers further protection but has additional side effects. Obtaining data on the absolute risk of subsequent distant recurrence if therapy stops at 5 years could help determine whether to extend treatment
SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline: Simulating Event Horizon Telescope observations of M 87
Context. Realistic synthetic observations of theoretical source models are essential for our understanding of real observational data. In using synthetic data, one can verify the extent to which source parameters can be recovered and evaluate how various data corruption effects can be calibrated. These studies are the most important when proposing observations of new sources, in the characterization of the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments, and when verifying model-based theoretical predictions in a direct comparison with observational data. Aims. We present the SYnthetic Measurement creator for long Baseline Arrays (SYMBA), a novel synthetic data generation pipeline for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. SYMBA takes into account several realistic atmospheric, instrumental, and calibration effects. Methods. We used SYMBA to create synthetic observations for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a millimetre VLBI array, which has recently captured the first image of a black hole shadow. After testing SYMBA with simple source and corruption models, we study the importance of including all corruption and calibration effects, compared to the addition of thermal noise only. Using synthetic data based on two example general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) model images of M 87, we performed case studies to assess the image quality that can be obtained with the current and future EHT array for different weather conditions. Results. Our synthetic observations show that the effects of atmospheric and instrumental corruptions on the measured visibilities are significant. Despite these effects, we demonstrate how the overall structure of our GRMHD source models can be recovered robustly with the EHT2017 array after performing calibration steps, which include fringe fitting, a priori amplitude and network calibration, and self-calibration. With the planned addition of new stations to the EHT array in the coming years, images could be reconstructed with higher angular resolution and dynamic range. In our case study, these improvements allowed for a distinction between a thermal and a non-thermal GRMHD model based on salient features in reconstructed images
Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study
Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research
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