Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation and Gentrification in New York City

Racial residential segregation is interconnected with several other phenomena such as income inequalities, property values inequalities, and racial disparities in health and education. Furthermore, recent literature suggests the phenomenon of gentrification as a cause of perpetuation or increase of racial residential segregation in some American cities. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of racial residential segregation for white, black, Asian, and Hispanic citizens in New York City in 1990, 2000, and 2010. It was possible to observe that segregation between white and Hispanic citizens and between white and Asian ones has grown, while segregation between white and black is relatively stable. Furthermore, we analyzed the per capita income and the Gini coefficient in each segregated zone, showing that the highest inequalities occur in the zones where there is an overlap of high-density zones of pair of races. Focusing on the changing of the density of population across the city during these 20 years, and by analyzing white and black people's segregation, our analysis reveals that a positive flux of white (black) people is associated with a substantial increase (decrease) of the property values, as compared with the city mean. Furthermore, by clustering the region with the higher density of black citizens, we measured the variation of area and displacement of the four most significant clusters from 1990 to 2010. The large displacements ( & AP; 1.6 k m ) observed for two of these clusters, namely, one in the neighborhood of Harlem and the other inside the borough of Brooklyn, led to the emergence of typically gentrified regions

Genetic profiling of Trypanosoma cruzi directly in infected tissues using nested PCR of polymorphic microsatellites.

The investigation of the importance of the genetics of Trypanosoma cruzi in determining the clinical course of Chagas disease will depend on precise characterisation of the parasites present in the tissue lesions. This can be adequately accomplished by the use of hypervariable nuclear markers such as microsatellites. However the unilocal nature of these loci and the scarcity of parasites in chronic lesions make it necessary to use high sensitivity PCR with nested primers, whose design depends on the availability of long flanking regions, a feature not hitherto available for any known T. cruzi microsatellites. Herein, making use of the extensive T. cruzi genome sequence now available and using the Tandem Repeats Finder software, it was possible to identify and characterise seven new microsatellite loci ? six composed of trinucleotide (TcTAC15, TcTAT20, TcAAT8, TcATT14, TcGAG10 and TcCAA10) and one composed of tetranucleotide (TcAAAT6) motifs. All except the TcCAA10 locus were physically mapped onto distinct intergenic regions of chromosome III of the CL Brener clone contigs. The TcCAA10 locus was localised within a hypothetical protein gene in the T. cruzi genome. All microsatellites were polymorphic and useful for T. cruzi genetic variability studies. Using the TcTAC15 locus it was possible to separate the strains belonging to the T. cruzi I lineage (DTU I) from those belonging to T. cruzi II (DTU IIb), T. cruzi III (DTU IIc) and a hybrid group (DTU IId, IIe). The long flanking regions of these novel microsatellites allowed construction of nested primers and the use of full nested PCR protocols. This strategy enabled us to detect and differentiate T. cruzi strains directly in clinical specimens including heart, blood, CSF and skin tissues from patients in the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Sport tourism event and perceived economic impacts : the case of World Bodyboard Championship 2018, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Sport tourism events are important to promote the host region and its tourism facilities, enhancing direct and indirect economic benefits to the community, through spending at local businesses. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it aims at understanding the behavior and satisfaction of visitors to the 2018 World Bodyboard Championship, hosted in Viana do Castelo, Northern Portugal. Secondly, the paper aims at understanding the local economic impact of the event, having in consideration the money spent by visitors, along with the perceptions of residents of that impact. To achieve the abovementioned objectives a logistic regression analysis is implemented. Data was collected through survey questionnaires applied in September, during the event, using a nonprobabilistic and convenience sampling process. A total of 180 questionnaires were considered valid for the analysis. The study results revealed that the Body Board event brought worldwide visitors to the host city, some of which for the first time, and who would not visit the city otherwise. International visitors spend a significant number of days, with considerable average consumption levels. In general, visitors are very satisfied with all aspects of the event, and they are likely to return and recommend to others. Also, the study shows that residents? perception about the event is that it enhances tourism by bringing visitors to the city. This is highly beneficial to the positioning of the region as a destination, and these insights can be of use to sport events tourism planners. Suggestions for further research will be also provided.8014-1B5A-933A | Goretti Silvainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Immunogenicity of a killed Leishmania vaccine with saponin adjuvant in dogs.

Cellular and humoral immune responses of dogs to a candidate vaccine, composed of Leishmania braziliensis promastigote protein plus saponin as adjuvant, have been investigated as a pre-requisite to understanding the mechanisms of immunogenicity against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). The candidate vaccine elicited strong antigenicity related to the increases of anti- Leishmania IgG isotypes, together with higher levels of lymphocytes, particularly of circulating CD8 + T-lymphocytes and Leishmania chagasi antigen-specific CD8 + T-lymphocytes. As indicated by the intense cell proliferation and increased nitric oxide production during in vitro stimulation by L. chagasisoluble antigens, the candidate vaccine elicited an immune activation status potentially compatible with effective control of the etiological agent of CVL

Effect on cellular recruitment and the innate immune response by combining saponin, monophosphoryl lipid-A and incomplete freund?s adjuvant with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis antigens for a vaccine formulation.

The poor immunogenicity displayed by some antigens has encouraged the development of strategies to improve the immune response and safety of vaccine candidates, resulting in an intense search for substances that potentiate vaccine response. Adjuvants have these properties helping vaccine candidates to induce a strong, durable, and fast immune response. In this study, we evaluated the specific immune response of adjuvants alone, Saponin (SAP), Incomplete Freund?s Adjuvant (IFA) and Monophosphoryl lipid-A SE (MPL-SE ) and in combination with total antigen of L. braziliensis (LB): LBSAP, LBIFA and LBMPL. The specific immune response induced by these compositions demonstrated that they were powerfully immunogenic, increasing cellular infiltration in the skin. Draining lymph nodes cultures showed that LBIFA and LBMPL have higher ability to increase the capacity of APCs to present antigens, with increased frequency of CD11c+ CD86+ cells. SAP, MPL, LBSAP, LBIFA and LBMPL could activate lymphocytes increasing expression of CD69 and CD25. LBSAP group was an excellent inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines at 24 h. At 48 h, higher cytokines production was observed in IFA, LBIFA, MPL and LBMPL groups. Our data demonstrate that LBSAP and LBMPL are potential formulations to be tested in other experimental models. Also, the data obtained could expand the knowledge about immune response after sensitization and also contribute to the development of safe, immunogenic and effective vaccines