A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019

The coronavirus (CoV) family has many more pathological causes for humans and animals. CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread very rapidly worldwide is endemic, was first identified, isolated from pneumonia, and sourced to Wuhan is located in central China in 2019. The last reports have proposed that severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated CoV (SARS-CoV) deems altered CoV from bat source that came to many people as a due of zoonosis relocation. CoV was treated as a simple non-fatal virus until 2002, then started showing deaths SARS-CoV-1 from 2003 at a rate of 9.6%, in 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared of emergency. Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV has been discovered in dromedaries and has continued to kill humans since 2012, and the WHO was confirmed by the Chinese government of several cases of pneumonia by the end of 2019 and these cases were related to the Seafood Market in Huanan, 2020, was the COVID-19 pandemic, this virus was able to spread rapidly among people in most countries of the world, which made the proportion of mortality is rising very alarmingly. Therefore, all states must be careful and take precautionary measures to avoid infection. In this article, we review the origin of CoVs, their global transmission map, and their path of entry into humans

GIZA 11 AND GIZA 12; TWO NEW FLAX DUAL PURPOSE TYPE VARIETIES

Sixteen flax genotypes {13 promising lines and 3 check varieties viz., Giza 8 (oil type), Sakha 1 (dual purpose type) and Sakha 3 (fiber type)} were evaluated for straw, seed, oil yields and their related traits under twelve different environments; four locations (Sakha, Etay El-Baroud, Ismailia and Giza Exp. Stations through three successive seasons (2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14). These materials were evaluated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the twelve above-mentioned environments. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes (G), environments (E) and G x E interaction for all studied traits except straw weight per plant, indicating a wide range of variation among genotypes, environments and these genotypes exhibited differential response to environmental conditions. The significant variance due to residual for all characters except both straw weight per plant and oil yield per fad indicated that genotypes differed with respect to their stability suggesting that prediction would be difficult, which means that mean performance alone would not be appropriate. Interaction component of variance (σ2ge) was less than the genotypic variance (σ2g) for all characters, indicating that genotypes differ in their genetic potential for these traits. This was reflected in high heritability and low discrepancy between phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variability values for these traits indicating the possibility of using each of long fiber percentage, plant height and technical stem length as selection indices for improving straw weight per plant, as well as, using 1000-seed weight and capsules number per plant as selection indices for improving seed weight per plant. Yield stability (YSi) statistic indicated that S.541-C/3 and S.541-D/10 gave high mean performance and stability for straw, fiber, seed and oil yields per fad in addition to oil percentage, capsules number per plant and 1000-seed weight. Therefore, the two genotypes well be released under the name Giza 11 and Giza 12, respectively. These newly released varieties are of dual purpose type for straw, fiber, seed and oil yield. They may replace the low yielding cultivars Giza 8, Sakha 1 and Sakha 3

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Response-Surface Statistical Optimization of Submerged Fermentation for Pectinase and Cellulase Production by Mucor&nbsp;circinelloides and M. hiemalis

Cellulase and pectinase are degrading cellulosic and pectic substances that form plant cell walls and, thereby, they have a wide range of applications in the agro-industrial by-products recycling and food industries. In the current research, Mucor&nbsp;circinelloides and M. hiemalis strains were tested for their ability to produce cellulase and pectinase from tangerine peel by submerged fermentation. Experiments on five variables: temperature, pH, incubation period, inoculum size, and substrate concentration, were designed with a Box&ndash;Behnken design, as well as response surface methodology (RSM), and analysis of variance was performed. In addition, cellulase and pectinase were partially purified and characterized. At their optimum parameters, M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis afforded high cellulase production (37.20 U/mL and 33.82 U/mL, respectively) and pectinase (38.02 U/mL and 39.76 U/mL, respectively). The partial purification of M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis cellulase produced 1.73- and 2.03-fold purification with 31.12 and 32.02% recovery, respectively; meanwhile, 1.74- and 1.99-fold purification with 31.26 and 31.51% recovery, respectively, were obtained for pectinase. Partially purified cellulase and pectinase from M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis demonstrated the highest activity at neutral pH, and 70 and 50 &deg;C, for cellulase and 50 and 60 &deg;C, for pectinase, respectively. Moreover, 10 mM of K+ increased M. circinelloides enzymatic activity. The production of cellulase and pectinase from M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis utilizing RSM is deemed profitable for the decomposition of agro-industrial wastes

Response-Surface Statistical Optimization of Submerged Fermentation for Pectinase and Cellulase Production by <i>Mucor</i> <i>circinelloides</i> and <i>M. hiemalis</i>

Cellulase and pectinase are degrading cellulosic and pectic substances that form plant cell walls and, thereby, they have a wide range of applications in the agro-industrial by-products recycling and food industries. In the current research, Mucor circinelloides and M. hiemalis strains were tested for their ability to produce cellulase and pectinase from tangerine peel by submerged fermentation. Experiments on five variables: temperature, pH, incubation period, inoculum size, and substrate concentration, were designed with a Box–Behnken design, as well as response surface methodology (RSM), and analysis of variance was performed. In addition, cellulase and pectinase were partially purified and characterized. At their optimum parameters, M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis afforded high cellulase production (37.20 U/mL and 33.82 U/mL, respectively) and pectinase (38.02 U/mL and 39.76 U/mL, respectively). The partial purification of M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis cellulase produced 1.73- and 2.03-fold purification with 31.12 and 32.02% recovery, respectively; meanwhile, 1.74- and 1.99-fold purification with 31.26 and 31.51% recovery, respectively, were obtained for pectinase. Partially purified cellulase and pectinase from M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis demonstrated the highest activity at neutral pH, and 70 and 50 °C, for cellulase and 50 and 60 °C, for pectinase, respectively. Moreover, 10 mM of K+ increased M. circinelloides enzymatic activity. The production of cellulase and pectinase from M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis utilizing RSM is deemed profitable for the decomposition of agro-industrial wastes

Cytotoxic Potential of Alternaria tenuissima AUMC14342 Mycoendophyte Extract: A Study Combined with LC-MS/MS Metabolic Profiling and Molecular Docking Simulation

Breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers are among the most serious cancers and the main causes of mortality in females worldwide, necessitating urgent efforts to find newer sources of safe anticancer drugs. The present study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potency of mycoendophytic Alternaria tenuissima AUMC14342 ethyl acetate extract on HeLa (cervical cancer), SKOV-3 (ovarian cancer), and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The extract showed potent effect on MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 55.53 &mu;g/mL. Cell cycle distribution analysis of treated MCF-7 cells revealed a cell cycle arrest at the S phase with a significant increase in the cell population (25.53%). When compared to control cells, no significant signs of necrotic or apoptotic cell death were observed. LC-MS/MS analysis of Alternaria tenuissima extract afforded the identification of 20 secondary metabolites, including 7-dehydrobrefeldin A, which exhibited the highest interaction score (&minus;8.0156 kcal/mol) in molecular docking analysis against human aromatase. Regarding ADME pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties, 7-dehydrobrefeldin A, 4&rsquo;-epialtenuene, and atransfusarin had good GIT absorption and water solubility without any violation of drug-likeness rules. These findings support the anticancer activity of bioactive metabolites derived from endophytic fungi and provide drug scaffolds and substitute sources for the future development of safe chemotherapy

Polymer-Based Bioactive Luting Agents for Cementation of All-Ceramic Crowns: An SEM, EDX, Microleakage, Fracture Strength, and Color Stability Study

The aim of the study was to compare microleakage and fracture loads of all ceramic crowns luted with conventional polymer resins and polymeric bioactive cements and to assess the color stability of polymeric bioactive cements. Seventy-five extracted premolar teeth were tested for fracture loads and microleakage in all-ceramic crowns cemented with two types of polymeric bioactive cements and resin cements. In addition, the degree of color change for each cement with coffee was assessed. Thirty maxillary premolar teeth for fracture loads and thirty mandibular premolar teeth for microleakage were prepared; standardized teeth preparations were performed by a single experienced operator. All prepared specimens were randomly distributed to three groups (n = 20) based on the type of cement, Group 1: resin cement (Multilink N); Group 2: polymeric bioactive cement (ACTIVA); Group 3: polymeric bioactive cement (Ceramir). The cementation procedures for all cements (Multilink, ACTIVA, and Ceramir) were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. All specimens were aged using thermocycling for 30,000 cycles (5–55 °C, dwell time 30 s). These specimens were tested using the universal testing machine for fracture strength and with a micro-CT for microleakage. For the color stability evaluation, the cement specimens were immersed in coffee and evaluated with a spectrometer. Results: The highest and lowest means for fracture loads were observed in resin cements (49.5 ± 8.85) and Ceramir (39.8 ± 9.16), respectively. Ceramir (2.563 ± 0.71) showed the highest microleakage compared to resin (0.70 ± 0.75) and ACTIVA (0.61 ± 0.56). ACTIVA cements showed comparable fracture loads, microleakage, and stain resistance compared to resin cements

NAFLD mark: an accurate model based on microRNA-34 for diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

Abstract Background It remains essential for non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) patients, to develop a sensitive and specific diagnostic model. Data regarding the use of micro (mi)RNA-34 for NAFLD diagnosis are few. Routine clinical assessment, laboratory tests were done for Egyptian individuals (n = 314) were included (100 healthy individuals and 214 NAFLD patients). Quantification of miRNA-34 was done using real-time PCR. Extremely significant variables were entered into stepwise logistic regression. The diagnostic power of variables was estimated by the area under the ROC (AUC). Results MiRNA-34 levels were higher in NAFLD patients than healthy individuals with a significant difference (P< 0.0001). The multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the NAFLD-associated variables (CRP, cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), ALT had p< 0.0001 while mRNA-34 had (p=0.0004). The AUCs (CI) of candidate NAFLD markers were in the order of miRNA-34 0.72 (0.66–0.77) < ALT 0.73 (0.67–0.79) < BMI 0.81 (0.76–0.86) < cholesterol < 0.85 (0.79–0.90) < CRP 0.88 (0.84–0.92). We developed a novel index for discriminating patients with NAFLD named NAFLD Mark. AUC was jumped to 0.98 (0.93–0.99) when five markers were combined. The AUC of NAFLD mark for NAFLD detection was higher than the AUCs of seven common NAFLD indexes (0.44–0.86). Conclusions The NAFLD mark is a non-invasive and highly sensitive and specific model for NAFLD diagnosis