Geometría, forma y orden emergente en arquitectura : Aproximación al modo proyectual de Carlos Ferrater

Tesis doctoralLa tesis se inscribe en el área de convergencia de saberes historicamente ligados: geometría y arquitectura. Sus relaciones guardan la riqueza de una visión del mundo característico de cada tiempo y espacio. La geometría contribuye al conocimiento de la realidad proporcionando un esqueleto formal adecuado para describirla, interpretarla e intervenirla. Dota de forma y orden a la arquitectura. En el desarrollo del trabajo se busca dar respuestas a los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cómo pensar las relaciones entre geometrías -euclidiana y no euclidianas- y formas arquitectónicas?, ¿qué se entiende por orden emergente en la constitución de las formas arquitectónicas en su nivel geométrico?, ¿cómo dar cuenta de ciertas evoluciones de las mismas en la dirección del orden simple al orden complejo? y ¿cómo entenderlas en la singularidad de un modo proyectual contemporáneo? Geometría, forma, orden y modo proyectual, abordados de manera relacional, son los núcleos conceptuales que vertebran el trabajo. Indagar sobre la utilización de las geometrías en los modos proyectuales contemporáneos posibilita nuevas aproximaciones a la arquitectura dentro de una complejidad asumida como punto de partida, favoreciendo la construcción de plataformas conceptuales que permiten reflexionar con consistencia sobre la arquitectura de manera más abierta y articulada con otras disciplinas. La tesis centra su interés en la evolución del orden emergente de la forma geométrica arquitectónica. Para ello, se construye una matriz, conceptual y operativa, que incluye ciertos rasgos de la forma, válidos para el contexto de la investigación, que evidencian la evolución del orden asociado a la utilización de distintas geometrías. Se habilita la noción de espectro de órdenes de distinto grado producto del nivel de inteligibilidad de la forma arquitectónica en su nivel geométrico. Así, a partir del reconocimiento del estado actual de la arquitectura, se toma como unidad de análisis la producción del arquitecto contemporáneo Carlos Ferrater y cinco de sus proyectos como casos de estudio sobre los que se aplica la matriz que permiten validar las hipótesis de partida de la tesis.Fil: Almada, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Tonelli de Moya, Inés Haideé. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentin

Geometrías y forma arquitectónica en lógicas proyectuales contemporáneas. Aproximación a nuevos órdenes bajo el paradigma de la complejidad

El tema se inscribe en el área de convergencia de saberes históricamente ligados: geometría y arquitectura. La geometría, en tanto sistema axiomático resemantizado, contribuye al conocimiento de la realidad proporcionando un esqueleto formal adecuado para describirla, interpretarla e intervenir sobre ella. Dota de forma y orden a la arquitectura. Las relaciones entre geometría y arquitectura guardan la riqueza de una visión del mundo característico de cada tiempo y cada espacio. Indagar en la utilización de geometrías del orden cartesiano y complejas en los modos del proyecto permite nuevas aproximaciones a la arquitectura dentro de una complejidad asumida como punto de partida y en la dirección de la recuperación de la base epistemológica del proyecto. El principal interrogante de este trabajo es: ¿cómo repensar el rol de las geometrías en relación a ciertas lógicas proyectuales en el contexto del nuevo paradigma contemporáneo

Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain

Published online: 07 May 2024This paper analyses whether current explainable AI (XAI) techniques can help to address taxpayer concerns about the use of AI in taxation. As tax authorities around the world increase their use of AI-based techniques, taxpayers are increasingly at a loss about whether and how the ensuing decisions follow the procedures required by law and respect their substantive rights. The use of XAI has been proposed as a response to this issue, but it is still an open question whether current XAI techniques are enough to meet existing legal requirements. The paper approaches this question in the context of a case study: a prototype tax fraud detector trained on an anonymized dataset of real-world cases handled by the Buenos Aires (Argentina) tax authority. The decisions produced by this detector are explained through the use of various classification methods, and the outputs of these explanation models are evaluated on their explanatory power and on their compliance with the legal obligation that tax authorities provide the rationale behind their decision-making. We conclude the paper by suggesting technical and legal approaches for designing explanation mechanisms that meet the needs of legal explanation in the tax domain.This article was published Open Access with the support from the EUI Library through the CRUI - Springer Transformative Agreement (2020-2024

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Anales del III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad "Debate en torno a la nueva agenda urbana"

Acta de congresoEl III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad “Debates en torno a la NUEVa Agenda Urbana”, ha sido una apuesta de alto compromiso por acercar los debates centrales y urgentes que tensionan el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la ciudad. Para ello las instituciones organizadoras (INVIHAB –Instituto de Investigación de Vivienda y Hábitat y MGyDH-Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Habitacional-1), hemos convidado un espacio que se concretó con potencia en un debate transdisciplinario. Convocó a intelectuales de prestigio internacional, investigadores, académicos y gestores estatales, y en una metodología de innovación articuló las voces académicas con las de las organizaciones sociales y/o barriales en el Foro de las Organizaciones Sociales que tuvo su espacio propio para dar voz a quienes están trabajando en los desafíos para garantizar los derechos a la vivienda y los bienes urbanos en nuestras ciudades del Siglo XXI

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

EL DISEÑO GRÁFICO COMO VALOR AGREGADO A LA PRODUCCIÓN EDITORIAL, INDUSTRIAL Y DE INFORMACIÓN. SU VINCULACIÓN CON LA ENSEÑANZA DE GRADO DE LA LICENCIATURA EN DISEÑO GRÁFICO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD BLAS PASCAL.

Este proyecto centra su estudio en reconocer que el Diseño Gráfico es una praxis disciplinar capaz de incorporar valor a los diversos niveles de la producción local. Se parte de la hipótesis de que el Diseño Gráfico es capaz de agregar valor a la producción en sus distintas escalas y en diferentes soportes, analógicos y/o digitales y tangibles e/o intangibles. La conexión con la enseñanza en las diversas asignaturas de la Licenciatura en Diseño Gráfico de la UBP, subyace en la concepción epistemológica propia de las disciplinas proyectuales: la resolución de problemas y la investigación proyectual. El objetivo del trabajo es estimular acciones proyectuales, estrategias y procedimientos, poniendo énfasis en el desafío de agregar valor a partir del diseño. Daremos cuenta de la relación entre los procesos proyectuales estimulados y las diversas maneras de abordaje, atendiendo a cuestiones emergentes del contexto local. Esto implica atender a cuestiones devenidas del contexto productivo, tipos de imprentas, soportes y programas informáticos disponibles, pequeñas organizaciones que requieren instalar una imagen institucional en la sociedad, y su correlato como recurso y/o condicionante proyectual. La metodología utilizada es el cotejo sistematizado de datos y de casos reales que son relevados y analizados para realizar ejercicios proyectuales con miras a agregar valor a través del diseño de piezas gráficas varias: libros, publicaciones, logos, páginas web, atendiendo a un diseño de calidad en virtud de prescripciones disciplinares consagradas. Se parte del relevamiento de casos realizado durante el primer año de funcionamiento del LABD&CG. Este repositorio de procesos y productos proyectuales es el insumo básico de la presente investigación para desarrollar trabajos en los talleres proyectuales vinculados con los casos de estudio. Es decir que se traza un camino marcado por la resolución de problemas reales y su ensayo proyectual. La importancia del proyecto radica en que las estrategias proyectuales pueden identificarse como constructos mensurables en términos de valor agregado. Esta afirmación requiere la construcción de instrumentos conceptuales originales que permitan vincular producción local y labor académica. This research project focuses its study to recognize that graphic design is a discipline able to add value to the various levels of production. It starts from the assumption that graphic design can add value to production in its different scales and in different analog and / or digital and tangible and / or intangible supports. The connection with the teaching in the various subjects of the Bachelor in Graphic Design from the Universidad Blas Pascal, underlies the very concept of projective epistemological disciplines, problem solving and project research. We turn to relieve local and regional production, artisanal, industrial, information, institutional image eligible for contributions to improve and raise its quality at competitive levels. For the selection of problems to work on finding solutions emerging cases from local and regional reality. The objective of the research is to stimulate proyectuales actions, strategies and procedures, emphasizing the challenge of adding value from the graphic design. We will realize the relationship between project processes stimulated and the different ways of approach, taking into account emerging issues on the local context. This is a round trip of praxis knowledge and knowledge to the practice of design, project and teaching. This implies addressing issues devenidas productive context, types of printing, media and software available, small organizations that require installing an institutional image

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved