Biotécnicas aplicadas en sauces y álamos en América Latina

La investigación y las aplicaciones de la biotecnología en el sector forestal avanzan rápidamente, pudiéndose identificar cuatro biotécnicas que se utilizan principalmente: micropropagación y cultivo de tejidos, biología molecular y marcadores, modificación genética, genómica y crioconservación. La mayoría de las actividades de biotecnología forestal se realizan en países desarrollados, siendo los más activos Estados Unidos, Francia y Canadá. India y China son los países en desarrollo y en transición que más actividades reportan. Aunque la biotecnología forestal se ha extendido a las actividades de por lo menos 140 géneros de árboles, la gran mayoría de los proyectos se ha centrado en sólo seis géneros (Pinus, Eucalyptus, Picea, Populus, Quercus y Acacia). Entre las 2700 actividades de biotecnología que se realizaron en el mundo en los últimos 10 años, la modificación genética representa alrededor del 19% solamente. El potencial de los rasgos de interés para los árboles GM son el aumento de la producción y calidad de madera, resistencia a insectos, enfermedades y herbicidas. En América Latina, se están desarrollando algunos proyectos de biotecnología forestal, pero aún no es una práctica extendida. Brasil, Chile y Argentina lideran este desarrollo. Sin duda, la biotécnica más utilizada es la aplicación de marcadores moleculares. El género Populus es el segundo más utilizado en la investigación en biotecnología, en general, y el primero en lo referente a transformación genética. En Latinoamérica, y particularmente en Argentina, el uso de biotécnicas en álamos y sauces no está aún muy desarrollada. Si bien en Brasil se ha logrado transformar álamo (EMBRAPAINRA), aún no se comercializan los ejemplares genéticamente modificados. En sauces, los trabajos se han centrado mayormente en la micropropagación y caracterización molecular (Chile y Argentina). En el Centro Experimental de Propagación Vegetativa se logró la regeneración in vitro de Populus deltoides `Australiano 129/60’ a partir de callos, hojas y secciones nodales con el objeto de establecer un sistema eficiente de propagación in vitro de la especie deltoides para su posterior transformación genética. Otra línea de investigación del Centro, es la propagación de Salix humboldtiana, mediante el cultivo in vitro de hojas, secciones nodales y la macropropagación por enraizamiento de estacas, con el objetivo de clonar individuos selectos y obtener material de propagación durante todo el año para evaluar el potencial de esta especie en la extracción de metales pesados (fitoextracción).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Propagation and conservation of native forest genetic resources of medicinal use by means of in vitro and ex vitro techniques

In Argentina, there are numerous native species which are an important source of natural products and which are traditionally used in medicinal applications. Some of these species are going through an intense extraction process in their natural habitat which may affect their genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to establish vegetative propagation systems for three native forestal species of medicinal interest. This will allow the rapid obtainment of plants to preserve the germplasm. This study included the following species which are widely used in folk medicine and its applications: Erythrina crista-galli or "seibo" (astringent, used for its cicatrizant properties and for bronchiolitic problems); Acacia caven or "espinillo" (antirheumatic, digestive, diuretic and with cicatrizant properties) and Salix humboldtiana or "sauce criollo" (antipyretic, sedative, antispasmodic, astringent). The methodology included the micropropagation of seibo, macro and micropropagation of Salix humboldtiana and the somatic embryogenesis of Acacia caven. The protocol for seibo regeneration was adjusted from nodal sections of seedlings which were obtained from seeds germinated in vitro. The macropropagation through rooted cuttings of "sauce criollo" was achieved and complete plants of this same species were obtained through both direct and indirect organogenesis using in vitro cultures. The somatic embryogenesis for Acacia caven was optimized and this led to obtain a high percentage of embryos in different stages of development. We are able to support the conservation of native forest resources of medicinal use by means of vegetative propagation techniques.Centro Experimental de Propagación Vegetativ

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Phytolacca tetramera, medicinal species of Argentina

Phytolacca tetramera Hauman is an endemic species of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in danger of extinction. This species has active fungicides. The methanol extract of its berries possess antifungal activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens. The somatic embryogenesis technique relies on the formation of an embryo from a somatic cell, that is, without the need for the fusion of gametes (Tisserat et al, 1979), which facilitates mass production of in vitro plants. Obtaining somatic embryos gives us the ability to automate the production process in short periods of time and in a confined space. The technique is a necessary step to generate synthetic seeds. In order to adjust a protocol of somatic embryogenesis sections young leaves of Phytolacca tetramera obtained in vitro were placed in a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at different concentrations. Somatic embryos were obtained directly from the cutting edge of the blade and embryogenic callus (indirect way) from the midrib.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro Experimental de Propagación Vegetativ

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Phytolacca tetramera, medicinal species of Argentina

Phytolacca tetramera Hauman is an endemic species of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in danger of extinction. This species has active fungicides. The methanol extract of its berries possess antifungal activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens. The somatic embryogenesis technique relies on the formation of an embryo from a somatic cell, that is, without the need for the fusion of gametes (Tisserat et al, 1979), which facilitates mass production of in vitro plants. Obtaining somatic embryos gives us the ability to automate the production process in short periods of time and in a confined space. The technique is a necessary step to generate synthetic seeds. In order to adjust a protocol of somatic embryogenesis sections young leaves of Phytolacca tetramera obtained in vitro were placed in a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at different concentrations. Somatic embryos were obtained directly from the cutting edge of the blade and embryogenic callus (indirect way) from the midrib.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro Experimental de Propagación Vegetativ

Propagation and conservation of native forest genetic resources of medicinal use by means of in vitro and ex vitro techniques

In Argentina, there are numerous native species which are an important source of natural products and which are traditionally used in medicinal applications. Some of these species are going through an intense extraction process in their natural habitat which may affect their genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to establish vegetative propagation systems for three native forestal species of medicinal interest. This will allow the rapid obtainment of plants to preserve the germplasm. This study included the following species which are widely used in folk medicine and its applications: Erythrina crista-galli or "seibo" (astringent, used for its cicatrizant properties and for bronchiolitic problems); Acacia caven or "espinillo" (antirheumatic, digestive, diuretic and with cicatrizant properties) and Salix humboldtiana or "sauce criollo" (antipyretic, sedative, antispasmodic, astringent). The methodology included the micropropagation of seibo, macro and micropropagation of Salix humboldtiana and the somatic embryogenesis of Acacia caven. The protocol for seibo regeneration was adjusted from nodal sections of seedlings which were obtained from seeds germinated in vitro. The macropropagation through rooted cuttings of "sauce criollo" was achieved and complete plants of this same species were obtained through both direct and indirect organogenesis using in vitro cultures. The somatic embryogenesis for Acacia caven was optimized and this led to obtain a high percentage of embryos in different stages of development. We are able to support the conservation of native forest resources of medicinal use by means of vegetative propagation techniques.Centro Experimental de Propagación Vegetativ

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Phytolacca tetramera, medicinal species of Argentina

Phytolacca tetramera Hauman is an endemic species of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in danger of extinction. This species has active fungicides. The methanol extract of its berries possess antifungal activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens. The somatic embryogenesis technique relies on the formation of an embryo from a somatic cell, that is, without the need for the fusion of gametes (Tisserat et al, 1979), which facilitates mass production of in vitro plants. Obtaining somatic embryos gives us the ability to automate the production process in short periods of time and in a confined space. The technique is a necessary step to generate synthetic seeds. In order to adjust a protocol of somatic embryogenesis sections young leaves of Phytolacca tetramera obtained in vitro were placed in a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at different concentrations. Somatic embryos were obtained directly from the cutting edge of the blade and embryogenic callus (indirect way) from the midrib.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro Experimental de Propagación Vegetativ

Targeting DNA2 Overcomes Metabolic Reprogramming in 1q21 Multiple Myeloma

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Targeting DNA2 Overcomes Metabolic Reprogramming in Multiple Myeloma

DNA damage resistance is a major barrier to effective DNA-damaging therapy in multiple myeloma (MM). To discover mechanisms through which MM cells overcome DNA damage, we investigate how MM cells become resistant to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy targeting Interleukin enhancer binding factor 2 (ILF2), a DNA damage regulator that is overexpressed in 70% of MM patients whose disease has progressed after standard therapies have failed. Here, we show that MM cells undergo adaptive metabolic rewiring to restore energy balance and promote survival in response to DNA damage activation. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 screening strategy, we identify the mitochondrial DNA repair protein DNA2, whose loss of function suppresses MM cells\u27 ability to overcome ILF2 ASO-induced DNA damage, as being essential to counteracting oxidative DNA damage. Our study reveals a mechanism of vulnerability of MM cells that have an increased demand for mitochondrial metabolism upon DNA damage activation

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Propagación vegetativa (macro y micro) y evaluación de la capacidad de remoción de iones Cu+2 de Salix humboldtiana Willd (sauce criollo)

El género Salix (sauces y mimbres) tiene una amplia distribución en el mundo. Salix humboldtiana  Willd. (sauce criollo) es la única especie nativa de América del Sur, cuyo hábitat natural se extiende desde México y Centroamérica hasta el sur, en el río Chubut en Argentina, cubriendo las riberas de ríos y arroyos. Los sauces son de crecimiento rápido, de fácil propagación vegetativa, suministran una amplia gama de productos madereros, no madereros y servicios, desempeñando un papel importante en la fitorremediación de tierras degradadas, la rehabilitación de ecosistemas frágiles y la restauración del paisaje forestal. Esta capacidad fitorremediadora podría ser utilizada para la recuperación de suelos contaminados. Si se demuestra que S. humboldtiana tienen la capacidad de remediar suelos, podría utilizarse para la repoblación de zonas polutadas. Es importante, además, contar con una estrategia de propagación vegetativa que permita disponer de plantas para restauración o fitorremediacion. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: ajustar técnicas de propagación vegetativa (macro y micro) de S. humboldtiana y evaluar el potencial de los individuos propagados para la extracción de metales pesados. Se logró la macropropagación por estacas y la micropropagación de S. humboldtiana. Los ensayos realizados demuestran el potencial de sauce criollo para la eliminación de los iones cobre de soluciones acuosas