Prévalence et facteurs de risque des mammites subcliniques dans les élevages traditionnels de Kaolack au Sénégal

Les mammites subcliniques sont des affections incideuses de la glande mammaire mais qui impactent négativement la production de la vache laitière. Il s’avère nécessaire de faire le diagnostic en vue de les contrôler.Objectif : Le présent travail avait pour objectif de déterminer la prévalence des mammites subcliniques dans les élevages traditionnels de la région de Kaolack au Sénégal.Méthodologie et résultats : Au total 101 vaches en lactation des élevages traditionnels de la zone périurbaine de Kaolack ont fait l’objet de l’étude. Le California Mastitis Test (CMT) et le Comptages des Cellules Somatiques (CCS) avec le Delaval cells counter (Delval, Tumba, Suède), ont été utilisés pour analyser les échantillons de lait prélevés. Les prévalences ont été de 11,9% et de 10,9% en utilisant le CMT et le CCS respectivement. Il n’y a pas eu de différence significative entre prévalences obtenues par les deux tests (p=0,824). La prévalence des mammites chez les vaches métisses (12,5%) a été significativement plus élevée que celle des vaches de race locale Gobra (11,8%) (p=0,007). Par contre, le rang de mise bas n’a eu aucun effet sur la survenue des mammites (Odds ratio = 1,542 ; 95% IC : [0,884-2,690]).Conclusion : La prévalence des mammites obtenue dans les élevages traditionnels permet de dire qu’il faut envisager une prise en charge efficace des vaches malades et améliorer la production laitière. A la lumière de nos résultats, le test de CMT qui est fiable rapide simple et efficace peut être un bon moyen de détection rapide des mammites subcliniques dans les élevages traditionnelsMots clés : California Mastitis Test, Comptage Cellules Somatiques, Mammite subclinique, vache laitière, SénégalSubclinical mastitis is an insidious infection of the mammary gland which negatively affects the production of the dairy cow. Thus, it is necessary to make the diagnosis in order to control it.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in traditional livestock (cows) in the region of Kaolack in Senegal.Methodology and results: A total of 101 lactating cows from traditional Kaolack peri-urban farming were studied. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Somatic Cell Counts (CCS) using Delaval cells counter (Delval, Tumba, Sweden) were utilized to analyze the milk samples. The prevalences were 11.9% and 10.9% using CMT and CCS respectively. There was no significant difference between the prevalences obtained by the two tests (p = 0.824). The prevalence of mastitis in crossbred cows (12.5%) was significantly higher than that of local Gobra cows (11.8%) (p = 0.007). On the other hand, the calving rank had no effect on the occurrence of mastitis (Odds ratio = 1.542 ; 95% CI : [0.884-2.690]). Conclusion: The prevalence of mastitis obtained in traditional livestock suggests that effective management of sick cows should be considered in order to improve dairy production. In light of our findings, the CMT test which is reliable fast simple and effective can be a good means of rapid detection of subclinical mastitis in traditional dairy farms.Keywords: California Mastitis Test, Somatic cell count, Subclinical mastitis, dairy cow, Senega

Facteurs predictifs de mortalite par accident vasculaire cerebral (AVC) a la Clinique Neurologique du chu de Fann, Dakar - Senegal

Description Les AVC constituent un problème de santé publique avec une mortalité élevée. Objectif Identifier les facteurs prédictifs de mortalité par accidents vasculaires cérébraux à la Clinique Neurologique du CHU de Fann, Dakar. Méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective du 1er Janvier 2001 au 01 Novembre 2003 portant sur des patients avec AVC et ayant eu un examen tomodensitométrique cérébral. Les données sociodémographiques, les antécédents médicaux et chirurgicaux, les signes de gravité associés au tableau neurologique et le pronostic vital ont été collectés. Des analyses uni, bi et multivariées par la régression logistique multiple ont été effectuées. Résultats La population de patients (314) était composée de 56,1% de femmes avec une moyenne d’âge de 61,3 ans (±13,8), un délai moyen d’admission de 8,4 jours (±23,5). Les facteurs de risque d’AVC étaient dominés par l’HTA, l’antécédent d’AVC et le diabète. Les AVCI représentaient 60,2%. Un coma et une HTA étaient associés au tableau neurologique. Soixante dix huit (78) patients sont décédés soit un taux de létalité de 24,8%. Lors de l’analyse de régression logistique multivariée, seuls les antécédents d’AVC et l’existence de coma étaient associés de manière indépendante à la mortalité par AVC. Conclusion Ces résultats démontrent la nécessité d’une amélioration de la prise en charge des patients en unité de soins intensifs et la prévention des récidives d’AVC par une éducation sanitaire des malades.Mots-clés: accident vasculaire cérébral, mortalité, pronostic, Sénégal

Epilespie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent au Senegal

Introduction L’épilepsie constitue un problème de santé publique au Sénégal avec une prévalence de 8,3 à 14/1000. Elle concerne principalement les enfants. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les aspects biographiques, phénotypiques et évolutifs de la maladie épileptique dans une cohorte d’enfants au Sénégal.Méthodologie Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective de dossiers d’enfants épileptiques suivis régulièrement au CHU de FANN et à l’Hôpital d’Enfants Albert Royer, de Juillet 2003 à décembre 2010. Les critères d’inclusion étaient: épileptiques âgés de moins de 18 ans, régulièrement suivis depuis au moins 3 ans, ayant un traitement adapté, à dose efficace, avec une bonne observance thérapeutique.Résultats Nous avons colligé 522 enfants, âgés de 3 mois à 16 ans, avec un sex-ratio de 1,7 en faveur des garçons. L’épilepsie était idiopathique chez 57% des enfants et non idiopathique chez 43% des patients. Les facteurs étiologiques étaient dominés par la consanguinité parentale, les anomalies de la grossesse et de l’accouchement, les infections du système nerveux central. Dans le groupe des épilepsies idiopathiques la consanguinité parentale et l’épilepsie familiale étaient retrouvées respectivement chez 64 enfants (21,62%) et 20 enfants (6,75%). Neuf enfants (3%) présentaient un trouble du langage isolé, alors qu’un seul enfant (0,33%) avait un déficit cognitif global. Dans le groupe des épilepsies non idiopathiques, les signes associés à l’épilepsie étaient les troubles du langage (15,70%), du comportement (15%) et des déficits moteurs (10,32%). 22,41% des enfants scolarisés avaient des difficultés d’apprentissage menant parfois à des redoublements scolaires ou une exclusion.Conclusion La classification syndromique à l’épilepsie est nécessaire pour une bonne prévision pronostique et thérapeutique. Le caractère idiopathique ou non en est pour une grande place, corrélé le plus souvent à une épilepsie familial ou une consanguinité ou affection périnatal ou infectieuse du système nerveux central.Mots clés : Epilepsie, syndrome épileptique, Sénégal

The African Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Network: a vaccine advocacy initiative

Achieving high and equitable childhood immunisation coverage in Africa will not only protect children from disability and premature death, it will also boost productivity, reduce poverty and support the economic growth of the continent. Thus, Africa needs innovative and sustainable vaccine advocacy initiatives. One such initiative is the African Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Network, formed in 2009. This association of immunisation practitioners, vaccinologists, paediatricians, and infectious disease experts provides a platform to advocate for the introduction of newly available vaccines (e.g. 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines) into the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) as well as increased and equitable coverage for established EPI vaccines.Key words: Vaccine preventable diseases, vaccine, network, Africa, awareness, child healt

Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Circulating Antigens to Porcine Cysticercosis in Three Villages of Burkina Faso

Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected tropical infection transmitted between humans and pigs. This infection is particularly common in areas where sanitation, hygiene and pig management practices are poor, and can sometimes lead to epilepsy in humans. There is very little information about the importance of this infection in Burkina Faso, even though pork meat is widely consumed in many villages. We conducted a pilot study in three villages: two villages where pig rearing and pork consumption are common (Batondo and Pabré) but with different pig management practices, and one village with limited pig farming and pork consumption (Nyonyogo). Blood tests were done on pigs and information on pig raising was collected from farmers. Our study demonstrated that at least one third of pigs are infected with cysticercosis in villages where they are raised, and, particularly when pigs are left to roam some or all of the time. It also demonstrated that farmers may not be aware of this disease until one of their animals is found to be infected. Thus, the study concluded that there is an urgent need for improving education in order to control this tropical disease

Peoples’ attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine, acceptance, and social trust among African and Middle East countries

Background: To end the COVID-19 pandemic, a large part of the world must be immune to the virus by vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to gauge intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among ordinary people and to identify attitudes towards vaccines and barriers for vaccine acceptance. Methods: The study population comprises 1880 people residing in different countries that answer a prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire topics are demographics, historical issues, participants’ attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccines, concerns, and vaccine hesitancy. Results: Attitudes and beliefs relating to vaccines in general, and the COVID-19 vaccine, were ascertained. Overall, 66.81% of the contributors would like to be vaccinated against COVID-19, while %33.19 did not intend to be vaccinated. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy included concern regarding vaccine side effects, fear of getting sick from the uptake of the vaccine, and the absence of accurate vaccine promotion news. Individuals with higher education believe that India (68.6%) produces the best vaccine (P<0.001), while healthcare workers think the Chinese vaccine (44.2%) is the best (P=0.020). Individuals with higher education have not been vaccinated, not be healthcare workers, and females were the most contributors to effective of the vaccine in reducing mortality from COVID-19 disease. Conclusion: Given the degree of hesitancy against COVID-19 vaccination, a multifaceted approach to facilitate vaccine uptake that includes vaccine education, behavioral change strategies, and health promotion, is paramount

Identity by Descent Mapping of Founder Mutations in Cancer Using High-Resolution Tumor SNP Data

Dense genotype data can be used to detect chromosome fragments inherited from a common ancestor in apparently unrelated individuals. A disease-causing mutation inherited from a common founder may thus be detected by searching for a common haplotype signature in a sample population of patients. We present here FounderTracker, a computational method for the genome-wide detection of founder mutations in cancer using dense tumor SNP profiles. Our method is based on two assumptions. First, the wild-type allele frequently undergoes loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the tumors of germline mutation carriers. Second, the overlap between the ancestral chromosome fragments inherited from a common founder will define a minimal haplotype conserved in each patient carrying the founder mutation. Our approach thus relies on the detection of haplotypes with significant identity by descent (IBD) sharing within recurrent regions of LOH to highlight genomic loci likely to harbor a founder mutation. We validated this approach by analyzing two real cancer data sets in which we successfully identified founder mutations of well-characterized tumor suppressor genes. We then used simulated data to evaluate the ability of our method to detect IBD tracts as a function of their size and frequency. We show that FounderTracker can detect haplotypes of low prevalence with high power and specificity, significantly outperforming existing methods. FounderTracker is thus a powerful tool for discovering unknown founder mutations that may explain part of the “missing” heritability in cancer. This method is freely available and can be used online at the FounderTracker website

Mass drug administration non-recipients

BACKGROUND: Repeated mass drug administration (MDA) with preventive chemotherapies is the mainstay of morbidity control for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths, yet the World Health Organization recently reported that less than one-third of individuals who required preventive chemotherapies received treatment. METHODS: Coverage of community-directed treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) and albendazole (ALB) was analyzed in 17 villages of Mayuge District, Uganda. National drug registers, household questionnaires, and parasitological surveys were collected to track 935 individuals before and after MDA. Multilevel logistic regressions, including household and village effects, were specified with a comprehensive set of socioeconomic and parasitological variables. The factors predicting who did not receive PZQ and ALB from community medicine distributors were identified. RESULTS: Drug receipt was correlated among members within a household, and nonrecipients of PZQ or ALB were profiled by household-level socioeconomic factors. Individuals were less likely to receive either PZQ or ALB if they had a Muslim household head or low home quality, belonged to the minority tribe, or had settled for more years in their village. Untreated individuals were also more likely to belong to households that did not purify drinking water, had no home latrine, and had no members who were part of the village government. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate how to locate and target individuals who are not treated in MDA. Infection risk factors were not informative. In particular, age, gender, and occupation were unable to identify non-recipients, although World Health Organization guidelines rely on these factors. Individuals of low socioeconomic status, minority religions, and minority tribes can be targeted to expand MDA coverage.This work was supported by the Vice Chancellor’s Fund of the University of Cambridge, the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, the Wellcome Trust (Programme grant 083931/Z/07/Z to D.W.D), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (N.W.O. grant 452-04-333 to E.B.).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Oxford University Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ82

Genetic markers associated with resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from humans and animals in central Ethiopia

Abstract Background Beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials are commonly used for treatment of infections caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and other pathogens. Resistance to these classes of antimicrobials has increased significantly in the recent years. However, little is known on the genetic basis of resistance to these drugs in Salmonella isolates from Ethiopia. Methods Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams ( n \u2009=\u200943) were tested for genes encoding for beta-lactamase enzymes, and those resistant to quinolones ( n \u2009=\u200929) for mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) as well as plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes using PCR and sequencing. Results Beta-lactamase genes ( bla ) were detected in 34 (79.1%) of the isolates. The dominant bla gene was bla TEM, recovered from 33 (76.7%) of the isolates, majority being TEM-1 (24, 72.7%) followed by TEM-57, (10, 30.3%). The bla OXA-10 and bla CTX-M-15 were detected only in a single S. Concord human isolate. Double substitutions in gyr A (Ser83-Phe\u2009+\u2009Asp87-Gly) as well as par C (Thr57-Ser\u2009+\u2009Ser80-Ile) subunits of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) were detected in all S. Kentucky isolates with high level resistance to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Single amino acid substitutions, Ser83-Phe ( n \u2009=\u20094) and Ser83-Tyr ( n \u2009=\u20091) were also detected in\ua0the gyr A gene. An isolate of S . Miami susceptible to nalidixic acid but intermediately resistant to ciprofloxacin had Thr57-Ser and an additional novel mutation (Tyr83-Phe) in the par C gene. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes investigated were not detected in any of the isolates. In some isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and/or nalidixic acid, no mutations in QRDR or PMQR genes were detected. Over half of the quinolone resistant isolates in the current study 17 (58.6%) were also resistant to at least one of the beta-lactam antimicrobials. Conclusion Acquisition of bla TEM was the principal beta-lactamase resistance mechanism and mutations within QRDR of gyr A and par C were the primary mechanism for resistance to quinolones. Further study on extended ..