Strafvorderlijke gegevensverwerking

As a result of society’s increasing digitisation, the police have ever more opportunities to collect, investigate and combine huge amounts of personal data using advanced technology. Examples are provided from recent cases where police have gained access to millions of encrypted messages from various servers, including Ennetcom, EncroChat and Sky Global. However, the current legal framework is, as yet, ill-equipped to deal with this new reality. Partly for this reason, legislators are facing new questions about how the (further) processing of data in detection should be regulated by law. Commissioned by the WODC, this study examines the legal safeguards in criminal justice data collection in relation to the legal safeguards governing the processing of these data. The Code of Criminal Procedure mainly focuses on the collection of data and to a much lesser extent on its further use, but this may involve a (fresh) invasion of citizens’ privacy. The Police Data Act contains some provisions to data processing, but the relationship with the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure is not entirely clear. This study identifies the requirements and safeguards under European law for the processing of data for criminal justice purposes. Further inspiration is drawn from experience with the Intelligence and Security Services Act 2017 in which powers of collection and (further) processing are regulated in a single law. Finally, it explores how, in several countries (Germany, Belgium and Norway), the requirements arising from European law have been translated into legal regulations and how these regulations are designed. This study provides tools that legislators can use to reconsider the methods of standardisation and legal regulation design to better protect citizens' privacy. The recommendations thus focus on strengthening the legal framework on data processing and its supervision by creating an explicit legal framework in the Code of Criminal Procedure and establishing an independent supervisor focused on the processing of personal data by investigative authorities

Strafvorderlijke gegevensverwerking

As a result of society’s increasing digitisation, the police have ever more opportunities to collect, investigate and combine huge amounts of personal data using advanced technology. Examples are provided from recent cases where police have gained access to millions of encrypted messages from various servers, including Ennetcom, EncroChat and Sky Global. However, the current legal framework is, as yet, ill-equipped to deal with this new reality. Partly for this reason, legislators are facing new questions about how the (further) processing of data in detection should be regulated by law. Commissioned by the WODC, this study examines the legal safeguards in criminal justice data collection in relation to the legal safeguards governing the processing of these data. The Code of Criminal Procedure mainly focuses on the collection of data and to a much lesser extent on its further use, but this may involve a (fresh) invasion of citizens’ privacy. The Police Data Act contains some provisions to data processing, but the relationship with the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure is not entirely clear. This study identifies the requirements and safeguards under European law for the processing of data for criminal justice purposes. Further inspiration is drawn from experience with the Intelligence and Security Services Act 2017 in which powers of collection and (further) processing are regulated in a single law. Finally, it explores how, in several countries (Germany, Belgium and Norway), the requirements arising from European law have been translated into legal regulations and how these regulations are designed. This study provides tools that legislators can use to reconsider the methods of standardisation and legal regulation design to better protect citizens' privacy. The recommendations thus focus on strengthening the legal framework on data processing and its supervision by creating an explicit legal framework in the Code of Criminal Procedure and establishing an independent supervisor focused on the processing of personal data by investigative authorities

Towards long-term standardised carbon and greenhouse gas observations for monitoring Europe's terrestrial ecosystems : a review

Research infrastructures play a key role in launching a new generation of integrated long-term, geographically distributed observation programmes designed to monitor climate change, better understand its impacts on global ecosystems, and evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies. The pan-European Integrated Carbon Observation System combines carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, N2O, H2O) observations within the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems and oceans. High-precision measurements are obtained using standardised methodologies, are centrally processed and openly available in a traceable and verifiable fashion in combination with detailed metadata. The Integrated Carbon Observation System ecosystem station network aims to sample climate and land-cover variability across Europe. In addition to GHG flux measurements, a large set of complementary data (including management practices, vegetation and soil characteristics) is collected to support the interpretation, spatial upscaling and modelling of observed ecosystem carbon and GHG dynamics. The applied sampling design was developed and formulated in protocols by the scientific community, representing a trade-off between an ideal dataset and practical feasibility. The use of open-access, high-quality and multi-level data products by different user communities is crucial for the Integrated Carbon Observation System in order to achieve its scientific potential and societal value.Peer reviewe

Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Peer reviewe

Staging Expertise in Times of COVID-19: An Analysis of the Science-Policy-Society Interface in the Dutch “Intelligent Lockdown”

The corona crisis of 2020 took many by surprise. Quite suddenly, politicians had to make drastic decisions to guarantee public health, affecting basic civil liberties. In justifying their decisions, politicians internationally reverted back to a direct staging of experts to legitimize their proposals for what internationally became known as the “lockdown”. In this article we analyze the performance of the Dutch government that, early on, labeled its approach to COVID-19 as an “intelligent lockdown”. Our analysis examines the dramaturgy of expertise during this period. We selected two interrelated “stages”: the official press conferences, fully controlled by the government, and the responses on Twitter, as focal channel for critique from the general public, but also from opposition parties and (alleged) experts. 26 press conferences of the Dutch Prime Minister were analyzed and a search for the most popular posts on Twitter referring to the press conference(s) was carried out covering the period between March 6th and May 29th, 2020. The results show that the technocratic framing of expertise remained stable during the sampling period, regarding the undisputed status of expertise as the clear-cut basis for decision-making in uncertain times. Framing on Twitter challenged the omnipotence of the experts advising the government in various ways, namely, by referring to dissenting opinions of other experts, by questioning the underlying motives of experts’ advice or by pointing out that the policies were clearly contrary to everyday experience. We argue that it is not so much the facts themselves that are at stake here but hidden moralities, which include the government’s alleged complacency while asking citizens to blindly trust, its unpredictable behavior in the light of the promised straight line between scientific evidence and policy making, and its motivated behavior while claiming that the facts speak for themselves

Experimental testing of a hypersonic inlet with rectangular-to-elliptical shape transition

Wind-tunnel testing of a hypersonic inlet with rectangular-to-elliptical shape transition has been conducted at Mach 6.2. These tests were performed to validate the use of a recently developed design methodology for fixed-geometry hypersonic inlets suitable for airframe integrated scramjets. Results indicated that flow features within the inlet were similar to design and that the inlet typically captured 96% of the available airflow. Typical mass-flow-weighted total pressure recoveries of 55% were obtained for compression ratios of 14.8 throughout the test program. Assessment of the inlet starting characteristics indicated that the inlet self-started at Mach 6.2 despite the fact that it had an internal contraction ratio well above the Kantrowitz limit (Kantrowitz, A,, and Donaldson, C., "Preliminary Investigation of Supersonic Diffusers," NACA WR L-713, 1945). These results demonstrate that high-performance, fixed-geometry inlets can be designed to combine a nearly rectangular capture with a smooth transition to an elliptical throat

Familism and Self-Stigma as Barriers to Seeking Psychological Care

The Latinx population is the fastest growing minority group in the United States population. However, this group continues to be underserved in mental health settings. This poster will explore the relationship between familism and self-stigma of seeking psychological care in Latinx college students. Preliminary results will be examined