Self-cannibalism: The man who eats himself

Self-mutilation is a general term for a variety of forms of intentional self-harm without the wish to die. Although there have been many reports of self-mutilation injuries in the literature, none have reported self-cannibalism after self-mutilation. In this article we present a patient with selfcannibalism following self-mutilation. A 34-year-old male patient was brought to the emergency department from the prison with a laceration on the right leg. Physical examination revealed a well-demarcated rectangular soft tissue defect on his right thigh. The prison authorities stated that the prisoner had cut his thigh with a knife and had eaten the flesh

A Rescorla-Wagner Drift-Diffusion Model of Conditioning and Timing

Computational models of classical conditioning have made significant contributions to the theoretic understanding of associative learning, yet they still struggle when the temporal aspects of conditioning are taken into account. Interval timing models have contributed a rich variety of time representations and provided accurate predictions for the timing of responses, but they usually have little to say about associative learning. In this article we present a unified model of conditioning and timing that is based on the influential Rescorla-Wagner conditioning model and the more recently developed Timing Drift-Diffusion model. We test the model by simulating 10 experimental phenomena and show that it can provide an adequate account for 8, and a partial account for the other 2. We argue that the model can account for more phenomena in the chosen set than these other similar in scope models: CSC-TD, MS-TD, Learning to Time and Modular Theory. A comparison and analysis of the mechanisms in these models is provided, with a focus on the types of time representation and associative learning rule used

The Confidence Database

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at https://osf.io/s46pr/) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects

Impact on crime rates of urban development : The case of Görükle

İnsanlık tarihî kadar eski bir kavram olan göç, Sanayi Devrimiyle birlikte yeni bir anlam kazanmış, bu yeni dönemde kırdan kente göç, kentleşme olgusunu da farklı bir boyuta taşıyarak kentleşmeyi; sebepleri, sonuçları ve oluşturduğu etkiyle sosyoloji, psikoloji, iktisat, hukuk, tarih, siyaset bilimi gibi birçok bilimin ilgi alanı haline gelmiştir. Kentlerin ekonomik ve sosyal imkânlar açısından çekiciliği kitlelerin kırdan çözülerek şehirlere akmasına sebep olmuş, kentlerin bu yoğun hareketliliğe cevap vermekte yetersiz kalması beraberinde kentsel sorunları getirmiştir. Bu sorunların en önemlilerinden biri kentlerin kalabalıklaşmasıyla birlikte artan suç oranlarıdır. Ekonomik eşitsizlikler, kentlerde toplumsal kontrolün ve aile denetiminin kırsal alanlara göre daha zayıf olması, şehirlerde hedef bulmak, suç yöntemlerini öğrenmek, suç sonrası saklanmak için daha fazla imkân bulunması, suç işlemenin toplumca makbul görüldüğü 'çöküntü bölgelerinin' varlığı gibi sebepler kriminologlarca, kentlerde suç oranlarını arttıran başlıca sebepler olarak belirtilmektedir. Bursa'nın 17 km batısında yer alan Görükle bölgesi, 1970'lerde 2000 nüfuslu küçük bir köy iken, Uludağ Üniveristesi'nin kurulup 1985 yılında Görükle Kampüsüne taşınmasıyla birlikte üniversite öğrencileri arasında tercih edilen bir alan hâline gelmiş, nüfusu gitgide artan bu basit yerleşim yeri yeni yapılan konutlar, bankalar, tekstil, eğlence ve hizmet sektörüne ait işyerleriyle birlikte hızlı bir kentsel gelişime girmiştir. Ancak bu durum fiziksel değişimle sınırlı kalmamış, bölge halkının yaşam tarzına da yenilikler getirmiştir. 'Cemaat' toplumu özelliklerinin etkisini geniş oranda kaybettiği, 'Cemiyet' yaşantısının hâkim olduğu bölgedeki bu hızlı değişim, bölgede kayıtlara geçen suç oranlarına yansımış, kolluk birimlerinden alınan istatistikî verilerce de teyid edildiği üzere Görükle'nin, toplumsal kontrolün de zayıflamasıyla suç oranlarının her yıl yükseldiği bir yerleşim yeri hâline geldiği gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel hedefi işte bu artışın derecesi ve hangi mekanizmalarla gerçekleştiği tartışmaktır.Historical human migration as an old concept, has gained a new meaning with the Industrial Revolution, rural-urban migration in this new era, urbanization alias, has become an area of interest for many discipline of science such as sociology, psychology, economics, law, history and political science with its causes, consequences and influences. Attractiveness of Cities in terms of economic and social facilities caused rural masses to flow to the cities by dissolving; Insufficiency of cities to respond to this intense activity has brought urban problems. One of the most important problems is rising of crime rates together with population of cities. Causes like Economic inequality, weaking in social and family control in cities, presence of more facilities for reaching target, learning criminal processes and finding place to hide after the crime, presence of 'slums' where crime is considered socially acceptable in the cities are indicated main reasons to rise the crime rates in cities by criminologist. While a small village in 1970's with 2000 inhabitants, Görükle region, located 17 km west of Bursa has became a preferred area for college students together with foundation of Uludağ University and moving to Görükle Campus in 1985. Rising of its population gradually, this simple settlement area has had a rapid urban development with new constructed buildings, banks and work place of textile, entertainment and service sectors. However, this situation has not only remained limited with physical change but also has brought changes in lifestyle of local people. Rapid change in the region, which feature of 'community' society lost its effect and life style of 'society' society prevailed has reflected recorded crime rate, as confirmed statistical data received from law enforcement unit, it's observed that Görükle has became a settlement area where crime rate increases every year with weakening of social control. The main objective of this study is to discuss the degree of this increase and which mechanisms it realizes with

Massive connectivity with machine learning for the Internet of Things

Driven by the need to ensure the connectivity of an unprecedentedly huge number of IoT devices with no human intervention the issues of massive connectivity have recently become one of the main research areas in IoT studies. Conventional wireless communication technologies are designed for Human-to-Human (H2H) communication which leads to major problems in primary access, channel utilization and spectrum efficiency when massive numbers of devices require connectivity. Current random access procedures are based on a four-step handshaking with control messages which contradicts the requirements of IoT applications in terms of small data payloads and low complexity. Targeted channel utilization and spectrum efficiency cannot be achieved using traditional orthogonal approaches. Thus the goal of our work is to review the most recent developments and critically evaluate the existing work related to the evolution of network access methods in the new communication era. The paper covers three major aspects: first the primary random access procedures, proposed for IoT communications are discussed. The second aspect focuses on the approaches for integration of existing random multiple access schemes with non-orthogonal multiple access methods (NOMA). This integration of random access procedures with NOMA opens a new research trend in the field of massive connectivity. Operating on space domains additional to the physical domain such as code and power domains, NOMA integration targets increased channel utilization and spectrum efficiency to complement the flexibility of random access. On the other hand, the design of efficient algorithms for massive connectivity in IoT is also challenged by the highly application and environmentally dependent traffic model. A new angle of tackling this problem has emerged thanks to the extensive developments in machine learning and the possibilities of their incorporation in communication networks. Thus, the final aspect this review paper addresses are the newly emerging research directions of incorporating machine learning (ML) methods for providing efficient IoT connectivity. Breakthrough ML techniques allow wireless networking devices to perform transmissions by learning and building knowledge about the communication and networking environment. A critical evaluation of the large body of work accumulated in this area in the most recent years and outlining of some major open research issues concludes the paper. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Ege Üniversitesi: FDK-2020-21820This study is supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project Number: FDK-2020-21820.Radosveta Sokullu received her PhD in Telecommunications in 1992 from the Technical University Sofia and joined the Dept. of EEE at Ege University as an Assistant Professor in 2000. She became Head of Telecommunications Branch in 2004 and Associate Professor at the same department in 2016. Currently she is also Head of the Wireless Communications Lab. Her current research covers different wireless communication networks and protocols (IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth, Wireless Sensor Networks, Cellular Networks) with a focus on MAC layer and PHY layer protocol design, resource sharing, resource allocation, IoT and Machine-to-Machine Communications. Most recently she has focused on cell free MIMO, massive IoT networks and incorporating machine learning methods for resource allocation and random access in 5G and Beyond 5G networks. She participated in FP 7 CRUISE project as a leader of the Turkish team, and has lead over 10 research projects sponsored by the various organizations among which the National Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), the Ministry of Industry (SANTEZ) (in cooperation with large electronic companies in Turkey) and the University Research Fund. Radosveta Sokullu is a an IEEE Senior Member, member of the International Federation of University Women (IAUW) and a consultant of the IEEE Student Branch and the WIE Student Branch at the department

Unusual ophthalmic artery origin: Implications for intraarterial chemotherapy of retinoblastoma.

We report two pediatric retinoblastoma patients with unusual ophthalmic artery (OA) origins who were referred to our interventional neuroradiology department for intraarterial chemotherapy. The first patient had double OAs arising from the ipsilateral internal carotid artery and a central retinal artery (CRA) arising from the more cranially located artery, whereas the second patient had an OA originating from the A1 segment of the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery. In both cases the CRA arose from the artery entering the orbit through the optic foramen. Both patients tolerated the procedures well. To the best of our knowledge, our retinoblastoma patients with unusual OA origins are the first in the literature in which detailed knowledge of the orbital vasculature and especially CRA origin carried immediate clinical implications, altering access strategies. These variations were proved both by flat-panel detector computed tomography findings and superselective injections of OAs with unusual origins. Our results show that in patients with retinoblastoma, a detailed angiographic work-up may be necessary to evaluate the orbital vasculature and possible abnormal origin of the OA. Recognition of possible variations of OA origin and its branching patterns is of the utmost importance for successful treatment and avoidance of adverse events among retinoblastoma patients.WoSPubMe

Bromination of an N-carbethoxy-7-aza-2,3-benzonorbornadiene and synthesis of N-carbethoxy-7-aza-2,3-dibromo-5,6-benzonorbornadiene: High temperature bromination. Part 14

The electrophilic addition of bromine to an N-carbethoxy-7-aza-2,3-benzonorbomadiene at 0degreesC led in high yield to the formation of rearranged dibromides. However, high-temperature bromination of N-carbethoxy-7-aza-2,3-benzonorbomadiene in carbon tetrachloride at 77degreesC while irradiating, gave exclusively non-rearranged products. From the elimination of these non-rearranged products, N-carbethoxy4-bromo-7-aza-2,3-benzonorbomadiene was obtained as the sole product. Similarly, bromination of monobromide N-carbethoxy-4-bromo7-aza-2,3-benzonorbomadiene at 77degreesC yielded non-rearranged tribromides. The dehydrobromination of these tribromides provided the N-carbethoxy-5,6-dibromo-7-aza-2,3-benzonorbomadiene in high yield, which is a synthon for trimerization reaction

Chemistry of dioxine-annelated cycloheptatriene endoperoxides and their conversion into tropolone derivatives: an unusual non-benzenoid singlet oxygen source

The chemistry of two bicyclic endoperoxides, obtained by photooxygenation of 2,3-dihydro-7H-cyclohepta[1,4]dioxine and 2,3-dihydro-7H-cyclohepta[b][1,4]dioxin-7-one was investigated with the aim of synthesizing the respective tropolone derivatives. The reaction of these endoperoxides with base, thiourea and their thermolysis provided the desired tropolone derivatives in high yield. On the other hand, the thermolysis of the endoperoxide derived from 2,3-dihydro-7H-cyclohepta[b] [ 1,4]dioxin-7-one underwent an unprecedented route and formed parent Molecule and singlet oxygen instead of the expected troponoids. The formation mechanisms of all products are discussed

High temperature bromination. Part 18: Bromination of benzonorbornadiene derivatives: Polybrominated benzonorbornenes and benzonorbornadienes

The low and high temperature bromination reactions of bromobenzonorbornadiene derivatives were studied and the possible role of a neighboring group in rearrangements was investigated. New polybrominated benzonorbornadiene and benzonorbornene derivatives were synthesized. All compounds were characterized property Using NMR spectroscopy