Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrobenzene on the WC Electrode in Acidic Solution

　以聚四氟乙烯为粘接剂制成碳化钨(WC)电极.采用循环伏安法、线性扫描法和恒电位阶跃法研究了硝基苯在酸性溶液中WC电极上的电化学行为.实验表明:WC电极对硝基苯的还原具有较好的活性,电极过程受扩散和电化学步骤混合控制;表观活化能为23.7kJ·mol 1,其中,电化学步骤的活化能10.91kJ·mol 1.The tungsten carbide (WC) electrode was constructed by using polyterafluoroethylene as binder. The electrochemical behavior of nitrobenzene on the WC electrode in acidic solution was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, linear scan method and chronoamperometry. Experimental results showed that WC electrode had good activity for the electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene, and the electrode process was controlled by diffusion and electrochemical stepssimultaneously. The apparent active energy of the electrode process is 23.7kJ mol~(-1), while the active energy of the electrochemicalstep is 10.91kJ mol~(-1).作者联系地址：浙江工业大学应用化学系,浙江工业大学应用化学系,浙江工业大学应用化学系,浙江工业大学应用化学系 浙江杭州310032 ,浙江杭州310032 ,浙江杭州310032 ,浙江杭州310032Author's Address: *,CHU You-qun,ZHU Ying-hong,XU Zhi-hua Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032,Chin

Advances of molecular imprinted fluorescence sensing technology and its applications

Molecular imprinting is a technique to synthesize molecularly imprinted polymers(MIPs) with specific and selective recognition ability for a given template molecule. As a molecular recognition component, MIPs combined with highly sensitive fluorescent detection to construct molecular imprinting-based fluorescence sensors(MI-FL sensors),which have attracted much attention in the field of trace detection of environmental organic pollutants. According to the expression of fluorescence emission signal, this review introduces the various strategies for MI-FL sensors. The applications of MI-FL sensors in pesticide residues, estrogen, and antibiotic in the environment are described briefly,and the challenges and development are prospected

Twelve degree freedom flight simulator performance test device

本发明提供一种十二自由度航天模拟器对接性能试验装置，包括二维平动驱动单元、主动偏航驱动单元、被动偏航驱动单元、主动航天模拟器和被动航天模拟器；主、被动偏航驱动单元分别设置于二维平动驱动单元两端，主动航天模拟器设置于主动偏航驱动单元上，被动航天模拟器设置于被动偏航驱动单元上；主动偏航驱动单元带动主动航天模拟器，模拟对接机构的主动端；被动偏航驱动单元和被动航天模拟器，模拟对接机构的被动端；本发明航天模拟器各自由度之间运动耦合性小，各自由度实现灵敏、可靠，运动范围大，运动轨迹不受限制，采用气浮技术模拟精度高

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials