La concentration spatiale relative de la criminalité et son analyse : vers un renouvellement de la criminologie environnementale

This particular article describes and applies one type of analysis borrowed from regional economics and regional planning to look at macro to micro patterns in criminal activity. The technique is called Location Quotients and is used to analyse the relative mix of crimes across areas. Location Quotients are shown to have their strongest potential in microanalysis of crime patterns. As an initial test of the technique's relativistic analytic value. Location Quotients for motor vehicle theft were calculated for several levels within a Canadian cone of resolution that descends from the provincial level to the individual level in the municipality of Burnaby, British Columbia

Bees

Harrison\u27s truck bumps over something he didn\u27t see, and his eyes flint into the rearview to watch his father\u27s beehive come off the bed a couple of inches and slam down again onto the metal. The hive is a manmade box just barely too large for Harrison to carry by himself and painted white. Inside are slats made out of a tightly woven chicken wire and of course, bees and their honey. It\u27s not the honey that his father wants, though. It\u27s the bees and their stings, which are the best treatment that his father knows for his rheumatism

Crime Emergence and Simulation Modeling: Modeling Crime Space

This chapter explores several new modeling approaches and research findings, showing how they may be used to explore and enhance theory. There is a special emphasis on Target Choice Selection, focusing on Crime Pattern Theory and the Geometry of Crime (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1978a, 1984, 1991; Brantingham and Brantingham, 1981, 1993a, 2008). This exploration is described through a series of research examples and a case study of the target choice behavior of high repeat offenders. The goal is to explore the emergence of patterns better understood against the urban backcloths for high repeat offenders. Emphasis is in this case study is particularly placed on the structural backcloth but will be expanded in future studies to include other backcloth components such as the social, the cultural, the economic, and the derived vernacular architecture that combine with structural components to form neighborhoods

Latent Self-Exciting Point Process Model for Spatial-Temporal Networks

We propose a latent self-exciting point process model that describes geographically distributed interactions between pairs of entities. In contrast to most existing approaches that assume fully observable interactions, here we consider a scenario where certain interaction events lack information about participants. Instead, this information needs to be inferred from the available observations. We develop an efficient approximate algorithm based on variational expectation-maximization to infer unknown participants in an event given the location and the time of the event. We validate the model on synthetic as well as real-world data, and obtain very promising results on the identity-inference task. We also use our model to predict the timing and participants of future events, and demonstrate that it compares favorably with baseline approaches.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures (v3); 11 pages, 6 figures (v2); previous version appeared in the 9th Bayesian Modeling Applications Workshop, UAI'1

A Study in the Comparison of Ocular and Extremity Dominance Among a Stuttering and Non-Stuttering School-Age Population

The nul-hypothesis has been confirmed by the analysis of the study, in that they show no relationship between stuttering and unilateral dominance. The results indicate that the laterality measure of the experimental group did not differ significantly from that of the control group. In as much as the results of only one statistical test were significant, it is felt that this does not detract from the contribution of the study. It would seem that the results obtained from this comparison, the analysis of overall visual adequacy and extremity dominance, could have occurred by chance alone. It is pointed out, however, that this test was distinctly different from all other tests performed; and it is felt that careful consideration should he given to this factor in a total evaluation of the results obtained. The statistical analysis of the data compiled were done by way of the. t\u27 test of significance, which included computation of the t\u27 statistic to test whether scores obtained on selected tests were statistically significant, and the Chi Square Test, which was used to determine the presence or absence of factors indicating a greater or less degree of dominance confusion. The experimental and control groups were composed of a total of twenty subjects, who were administered The Harris Tests of Lateral Dominance, the Leavell Hand-Eye Coordinator Tests, and the Keystone Visual Survey; Tests for the purpose of exploring the relationship of measures of lateral dominance. On the basis of the results obtained from this investigation, the following conclusions seem warranted: Stuttering subjects do not show a higher incidence of extremity and ocular dominance confusion that do non-stuttering controls. The lack of unilateral dominance would not be considered a factor regarding lateral dominance as it relates to stuttering. A significantly greater proportion of stutterers were shown to have a visual inadequacy in association with extremity in-coordination and imbalance. Further research of the relationship of lateral dominance confusion and stuttering observed by more clinicians is needed. Further research in the development of instruments to assess lateral dominance is indicated. [Keywords: Stuttering, Neurological Organization, Lateral Dominance, Mixed Dominance, Dominant Eye

How to Measure Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity Within the Complex Role of Police in a Democratic Society: An ICURS Economics of Policing Study

Policing is complex. No easy measures exist for determining efficiency, effectiveness or equity in the overall economics of police service. Perhaps this is related to the fact that the debate on issues like core policing and tiered policing is both contentious and not well understood. For example, dealing with mental health issues in vulnerable communities may not be considered core policing in some discussions but it certainly remains an important element of and a key activity in contemporary policing. We are, nevertheless, making major advances in the 21st Century. Simple crime rate or response time measures have some meaning, but the multi-agency, multi-role character of policing calls for better measures that take into account the underlying public meaning of crime, the varying demands for police service in different jurisdictions, and the rapid increase in cyber crime

Multivariate Spatiotemporal Hawkes Processes and Network Reconstruction

There is often latent network structure in spatial and temporal data and the tools of network analysis can yield fascinating insights into such data. In this paper, we develop a nonparametric method for network reconstruction from spatiotemporal data sets using multivariate Hawkes processes. In contrast to prior work on network reconstruction with point-process models, which has often focused on exclusively temporal information, our approach uses both temporal and spatial information and does not assume a specific parametric form of network dynamics. This leads to an effective way of recovering an underlying network. We illustrate our approach using both synthetic networks and networks constructed from real-world data sets (a location-based social media network, a narrative of crime events, and violent gang crimes). Our results demonstrate that, in comparison to using only temporal data, our spatiotemporal approach yields improved network reconstruction, providing a basis for meaningful subsequent analysis --- such as community structure and motif analysis --- of the reconstructed networks